by the council of Aix la Chapelle (817). It is characterized by great strictness. (4) The Royal way^1198
dedicated to Louis the Pious while king of Aquitania.^1199 it consists of thirty-two chapters of moral
and spiritual counsels, which if faithfully followed will conduct an earthly king into the heavenly
kingdom. The work is really only an adaptation of the Diadem to the wants of the secular life. (5)
Acts of the Roman conference,^1200 the protocol already alluded to. (6) Epistle of Charles the Great
to Leo the Pope upon the procession of the Holy Spirit,^1201 the letter mentioned above. (7) Epistle
of Frotharius and Smaragdus to the Emperor Louis,^1202 the report of the arbitrators. (8) A larger
grammar or a commentary upon Donatus.^1203 His earliest work, written at the request of his scholars,
probably between 800 and 805. It is still unprinted, except a small portion.^1204 There yet remain in
MS. a Commentary on the Prophets, and a History of the Monastery of St. Michael^1205 Smaragdus
also wrote poetry. Besides a hymn to Christ,^1206 there have been preserved his metrical introductions
to his Collections and Commentary on the rule of St. Benedict, of which the first has twenty-nine
lines in hexameter, and the second thirty-seven distichs.
§ 166. Jonas of Orleans.
I. Jonas, Aurelianensis episcopus: Opera omnia, in Migne, Tom. CVI. col. 117–394.
II. Du Pin, VII. 3, 4. Ceillier, XII. 389–394. Hist. Lit. de la France, V. 20–31. Bähr, 394–398. Ebert,
II. 225–230.
Jonas was a native of Aquitania, and in 821 succeeded Theodulph as archbishop of Orleans. In
the first year of his episcopate he reformed the convent at Mici, near Orleans, and thereby greatly
extended its usefulness. His learning in classical and theological literature joined to his administrative
ability made him a leader in important councils, and also led to his frequent employment by Louis
the Pious on delicate and difficult commissions. Thus the emperor sent him to examine the
administration of the law in certain districts of his empire, and in 835 to the monasteries of Fleury
and St. Calez in Le Mains. His most conspicuous service was, however, in connection with the
gathering of bishops and theologians held at Paris in Nov. 825 to consider the question of
image-worship. The emperor sent him and Jeremiah, archbishop of Sens, to Rome to lay before
the pope that part of the collection of patristic quotations on the subject made by Halitgar and
Amalarius, which was most appropriate.^1207 The issue of this transaction is unknown. He was the
leading spirit in the reform council of Paris (829), and probably drew up its acts;^1208 and again at
(^1198) Via regia, ibid. col 933-970.
(^1199) So Ebert, l.c. p. III.
(^1200) Acta collationis Romanae Migne, CII. col. 971-976
(^1201) Epistola Caroli Magni ad Leonem Papam de processione Spiritus Sancti, Migne, XCVIII. col. 923-929.
(^1202) Epistola Frotharii et Smaragdi ad Ludovicum Imperatorem, Migne, CVI. col, 865-866.
(^1203) Grammatica major seu commentarius in Donatum.
(^1204) Mabillon, Vetera analectam, Nov. ed. (Paris, 1723) pp. 357, 358.
(^1205) Cf. Mabillon, l.c.
(^1206) Ebert, l.c. p. 112.
(^1207) Hefele, IV. 46.
(^1208) Ebert, l.c. p. 226. Hefele does not mention him in this connection.