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Ha He was an ancient deity of fertility, the patron of
Egypt’s DESERTregions. In various historical eras, Ha was
worshiped as a guardian of the nation’s borders and as a
protector of the pharaoh and the throne. The seventh
NOME of Lower Egypt conducted cultic rituals in Ha’s
honor.
Hakoris (Khnemma’atré, Achoris)(d. 380 B.C.E.)
Third ruler of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty
He reigned from 393 until his death. Hakoris was not
related to the royal family of NEPHRITES I, but upon the
death of that ruler, he rose up against the designated son
and heir of Nephrites I, Psammetichus. Nephrites I, origi-
nally from SAIS, had established his capital at MENDES.
Hakoris took the throne there after a year of struggle and
dated his reign from Nephrites I’s death. He also named
his own son, another Nephrites, as his successor and set
out to maintain the ideals of the dynasty.
Hakoris’s reign witnessed considerable rebuilding and
restoration within Egypt, and he kept the Persians at bay
while he lived. Concluding a treaty with Athens, Hakoris
was able to field a mercenary army with Greek veterans in
times of peril. The Athenian general, KHABRIAS, aided him,
and the Egyptian general, Nabktnenef (NECTANEBO I)
headed native troops. In Hakoris’s eighth regnal year,
Nabktnenef put down a troublesome revolt.
ARTAXERXES II of Persia had been struggling with
GREECEbut made peace in 386 and turned his attention
to Egypt. In 385 and 383 B.C.E. the Persians attempted to
subdue Hakoris but were stopped by the renewed Egyp-
tian navy. Hakoris died in 380 B.C.E. and was succeeded
by his son, NEPHRITES II, but General Nabktnenef over-
threw the heir and took the throne as Nectanebo I, start-
ing the Thirtieth Dynasty.
Halicarnassus A city now called Bodrum on the mod-
ern Bay of Gokova in Turkey, during the reign of XERXES I
(486–466 B.C.E.), the city was ruled by Artemisia, a
woman, who served also as a naval tactician. She also
aided Xerxes as a counselor. HERODOTUSwas a native of
Halicarnassus, and Mausolas was a ruler of the city.
ALEXANDER III THE GREATtook Halicarnassus, and the
Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt (304–30 B.C.E.) ruled it dur-
ing the second century B.C.E., losing it eventually to the
Romans.
Halwan (Helwan) A site near SAQQARAin the el-Saff
territory, which is located on a plateau above the Nile
River and serves as a southern suburb of modern Cairo,
Halwan has been inhabited since prehistoric times
(before 3,000 B.C.E.) and has cemeteries containing First
Dynasty (2920–2700 B.C.E.) tombs as well. The tombs
have walls manufactured out of brick and hard stone, and
they are considered examples of the first use of such
stone in monumental architecture on the Nile. Magazines
for storage and staircases demonstrate a skilled architec-
tural design. The ceilings were fashioned with wooden
beams and stone slabs. The HALWANculture is classified
as part of the Neolithic Age of Egypt. There were 10,000
graves at Halwan, and signs of mummification processes
are evident, all performed in a rudimentary manner.
Linen bandages soaked in resin, stelae, and statues were
also found on various sites in the area.
Hammamat See WADI HAMMAMAT.
“Hanging Tomb” Called Bab el-Muallaq and located
south of DEIR EL-BAHRIon the western shore of THEBES.
