there but was bribed by Antiochus to delay prosecutions.
Antony arrived and deposed Antiochus, replacing him
with Mithridates II. When AUGUSTUS(formerly Octavian)
came to the throne and sent an envoy to Mithridates,
Antiochus slew him. Antiochus was captured, taken to
Rome, and executed in 29 B.C.E.
Antiochus I Soter(d. 262 B.C.E.) King of the Seleucid
kingdom of ancient Syria
He was born in 324 B.C.E. Anointed king of the Seleucid
Kingdom in 292 B.C.E., he had to battle against nomads
who destroyed his eastern possessions between the
Caspian Sea and Aral Sea and the Indian Ocean. In 299
B.C.E., due to PTOLEMY II PHILADELPHUS of Egypt (r.
285–246 B.C.E.), he lost Miletus in southwest Asia Minor,
and the Egyptians invaded northern Syria in 276. Anti-
ochus defeated the Egyptians, however, and secured
alliances. He died in 262 B.C.E.
Antiochus II (Theos)(d. 246 B.C.E.)Seleucid king of
Syrian territories
Antiochus II was born c. 287 B.C.E. He avenged his father,
ANTIOCHUS I SOTER, by making war on Egypt. He then
found an ally in ANTIGONUS I MONOPHTHALMUSand waged
war against PTOLEMY II PHILADELPHUS(r. 285–246 B.C.E.).
Successful at first, Antiochus II regained Miletus and
Ephesus. In 253, he deposed his queen to marry
Ptolemy’s daughter, BERENICE(2).
Antiochus III the Great(d. 187 B.C.E.) Seleucid king
of ancient Syria
He was born in 242 B.C.E., becoming the ruler in 223
B.C.E. Antiochus III fought PTOLEMY IV PHILOPATOR(r.
221–205 B.C.E.) in the Fourth Syrian War and was
defeated at RAPHIA. Advancing into India through
Parthia, he set up new vassal states. In 192 B.C.E., he
invaded Greece but was defeated by the Romans at the
Battle of Magnesia. In the peace settlement, the Seleucid
kingdom was divided into three parts. He gave his
daughter, CLEOPATRA (1), to PTOLEMY V EPIPHANES
(205–180 B.C.E.).
Antiochus IV(d. 164 B.C.E.) Seleucid king who invaded
Egypt
He attacked the Nile in 170 B.C.E., in the reign of
PTOLEMY VI PHILOMETER(180–164, 163–145 B.C.E.) and
established a “protectorate” over the young king. In 169
B.C.E. Antiochus’s renewed invasion again put the gov-
ernment in Memphis in danger. A Roman contingent
under Papillius Laenas arrived and set up a display of
power at Antiochus’s camp. Antiochus was told to with-
draw but he asked to be allowed to consider the move.
Laenas drew a line in the sand around Antiochus and
told him to give his answer before he stepped outside of
the circle. Antiochus withdrew from Egypt. Having been
a hostage of Rome as a lad, Antiochus IV was called
Epiphane. Other records list him as “the Mad.” Forced
out of Egypt, he unsuccessfully attacked Jerusalem and
died.Antiochus Hierax(d. 226 B.C.E.) Prince of the Seleucid
empire of ancient Syria
He was the brother of Seleucus II, and the son of ANTI-
OCHUS IIand Queen Laodice. When Seleucus II was
involved in the Third Syrian War (246–241 B.C.E.) with
PTOLEMY II PHILADELPHUS(r. 285–246 B.C.E.), Antiochus
was sent to Asia Minor to become the ruler there. He
sent an army into Syria perhaps to overthrow Seleucus.
The appearance of Antiochus’s troops, however, brought
peace between Egypt and Seleucus, who invaded Asia
Minor instead. “The War of the Brothers” resulted, last-
ing from 239 to 236. Antiochus allied himself with the
Galatians (Celts) and others to defeat Seleucus at Ancyra
in 236.
He found himself thrown out of Asia Minor, how-
ever, by an army from Pergamum (aroused by the pres-
ence of the Galatians in their area). Antiochus tried other
rebellions and was exiled to Thrace (modern Balkans,
Greece) in 227 B.C.E. He escaped, fled into the moun-
tains, and tried to raise an army but was killed by a band
of the Galatian allies.Antipater of Idumea(d. 43 B.C.E.) Ruler of Idumea and
ally of Egypt
As an adviser to Queen Alexandra Salome, ruler of Pales-
tine and Judea, Antipater was responsible for bringing
Romans into the region by involving King Aretas III in
the succession dispute of the queen’s sons upon her death
in 67 B.C.E. Antipater became minister of the state of Hyr-
canus, who was placed on the throne by POMPEY.
In 57 B.C.E., Antipater was given control of the king-
dom of Idumea by Aulus GABINUS, the local Roman
authority. He joined Gabinus in a campaign to restore
PTOLEMY XII NEOS DIONYSIUS(r. 80–58, 55–51 B.C.E.)in
Egypt. When CAESARfought at Pharsalus in 48 B.C.E.,
Antipater marched to his aid in ALEXANDRIA. Named chief
minister in Judea, he was given Roman citizenship. His
son Phaesael became governor of Jerusalem, and his
other son, Herod the Great, was governor of Galilee.
Antipater was poisoned in 43 B.C.E.Antony, Marc (Marcus Antonius)(c. 83–30 B.C.E.)
Famed Roman general, consul, and lover of CLEOPATRA VII
Antony was the son of Antonius Creticus, an unsuccess-
ful admiral, and Julia. His father died early in Antony’s
childhood, and P. Cornelius Lentulus raised him after
marrying Julia. In 63 B.C.E., his adoptive father was stran-
gled on Cicero’s order for involvement in the famed Cati-
line Affair, an act that Antony did not forget and that
sparked one of the most bitter feuds in the late years ofAntony, Marc 41