More recently, the Global Leadership and Organizational
Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research project identi-
fied nine dimensions on which national cultures differ.^11
This study is an ongoing cross-cultural investigation of
leadership and national culture that has used data from
825 organizations in 62 countries. The GLOBE study con-
firms that Hofstede’s five dimensions are still valid (his
four original ones, plus the long-term orientation added through the merger of Bond’s
research with Hofstede’s).^12 However, the GLOBE study has added four dimensions and
provides us with an updated measure of where countries rate on each dimension.
Exhibit 3-3 presents ratings by country on each of the dimensions.
The GLOBE dimensions are defined as follows:- Assertiveness.The extent to which a society encourages people to be tough,
confrontational, assertive, and competitive vs. modest and tender.
76 Part 1 Understanding the Workplace
EXHIBIT 3-3 GLOBE HighlightsCountries
Countries Rating Countries
Dimension Rating Low Moderate Rating HighAssertiveness Sweden Egypt Spain
New Zealand Ireland United States
Switzerland Philippines Greece
Future orientation Russia Slovenia Denmark
Argentina Egypt Canada
Poland Ireland The Netherlands
Gender differentiation Sweden Italy South Korea
Denmark Brazil Egypt
Slovenia Argentina Morocco
Uncertainty avoidance Russia Israel Austria
Hungary United States Denmark
Bolivia Mexico Germany
Power distance Denmark England Russia
The Netherlands France Spain
South Africa Brazil Thailand
Individualism/collectivism* Denmark Hong Kong Greece
Singapore United States Hungary
Japan Egypt Germany
In-group collectivism Denmark Japan Egypt
Sweden Israel China
New Zealand Qatar Morocco
Performance orientation Russia Sweden United States
Argentina Israel Taiwan
Greece Spain New Zealand
Humane orientation Germany Hong Kong Indonesia
Spain Sweden Egypt
France Taiwan Malaysia* A low score on individualism is synonymous with collectivism.Source: M. Javidan and R. J. House, “Cultural Acumen for the Global Manager: Lessons from Project
GLOBE,” Organizational Dynamics,Spring 2001, pp. 289–305. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.How do countries