NUTRITION IN SPORT

(Martin Jones) #1

animals is often heavily enriched with antioxi-
dant vitamins, particularly vitamin E. This may
be one reason why antioxidant supplementation
to animals fed regular diets do not influence
several measures of outcome. At present there
is a growing trend among people to cut out fat-
containing diet. While this does markedly
decrease caloric intake, in many cases this may
also contribute to marked decrease in the intake
of fat-soluble essential nutrients, including vita-
mins. From available information, we know that
under regular circumstances antioxidants such
asa-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and b-carotene are
well tolerated and free from toxicity, even when
consumed at doses several-fold higher than the
recommended dietary allowances (Garewal &
Diplock 1995). In view of this and the tremen-
dous potential of antioxidant therapy, consump-
tion of a diet rich in a mixture of different
antioxidants may be expected to be a prudent
course.


References

Aarsland, A., Lundquist, M., Borretsen, B. & Berge,
R.K. (1990) On the effect of peroxisomal beta-oxida-
tion and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity by
eicosapentaenoic acid in liver and heart from rats.
Lipids 25 , 546–548.
Akerlund, B., Jarstrand, C., Lindeke, B., Sonnerborg,
A., Akerblad, A.C. & Rasool, O. (1996) Effect of N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment on HIV-1 infection:
a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. European
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 50 , 457–461.
Alessio, H.M. (1994) Lipid peroxidation processes in
healthy and diseased models. In Exercise and Oxygen
Toxicity(ed. C.K. Sen, L. Packer & O. Hanninen), pp.
269–295. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
Alessio, H.M. & Cutler, R.G. (1990) Evidence that DNA
damage and repair cycle activity increases following
a marathon race. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 25 , 218–224.
Alessio, H.M., Goldfarb, A.H., Cao, G. & Cutler, R.G.
(1993) Short and long term vit C supplementation
exercise and oxygen radical absorption capacity
(Abstract).Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
25 , S79.
Amelink, G.J., van der Wal, W.A., Wokke, J.H., van
Asbeck, B.S. & Bar, P.R. (1991) Exercise-induced
muscle damage in the rat: the effect of vitamin E defi-
ciency. Pflugers Archives 419 , 304–309.


Ames, B.N., Shigenaga, M.K. & Hagen, T.M. (1993)
Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative dis-
eases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Science, USA 90 , 7915–7922.
Andersen, H.R. & Andersen, O. (1993) Effects of dietary
alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on lipid peroxi-
dation induced by methyl mercuric chloride in mice.
Pharmacology and Toxicology 73 , 192–201.
Archakov, A.I. & Bachmanova, G.I. (eds) (1990)
Cytochrome P-450 and Active Oxygen. Taylor and
Francis, London.
Aruoma, O.I., Halliwell, B., Hoey, B.M. & Butler, J.
(1989) The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: its
reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical,
superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radical
Biology and Medicine 6 , 593–597.
Ascherio, A., Rimm, E.B., Stampfer, M.J., Giovannucci,
E.L. & Willett, W.C. (1995) Dietary intake of marine
n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary
disease among men [see comments]. New England
Journal of Medicine 332 , 977–982.
Åstrand, P.-O. & Rodahl, K. (1986) Textbook of Work
Physiology. McGraw Hill, New York.
Atalay, M., Marnila, P., Lilius, E.M., Hanninen, O. &
Sen, C.K. (1996) Glutathione-dependent modulation
of exhausting exercise-induced changes in neu-
trophil function of rats. European Journal of Applied
Physiology 74 , 342–347.
Atalay, M., Laaksonen, D.E., Niskanen, L., Uusitupa,
M., Hanninen, O. & Sen, C.K. (1997) Altered antioxi-
dant enzyme defences in insulin-dependent diabetic
men with increased resting and exercise induced
oxidative stress. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 161 ,
195–201.
Aust, S.D., Morehouse, L.A. & Thomas, C.E. (1985) Role
of metals in oxygen radical reactions. Free Radical
Biology and Medicine 1 , 3–25.
Aw, T.Y., Wierzbicka, G. & Jones, D.P. (1991) Oral
glutathione increases tissue glutathione in vivo.
Chemical and Biological Interactions 80 , 89–97.
Balon, T.W. & Nadler, J.L. (1994) Nitric oxide release is
present from incubated skeletal muscle preparations
[see comments]. Journal of Applied Physiology 77 ,
2519–2521.
Bar, P.R. & Amelink, G.J. (1997) Protection against
muscle damage exerted by oestrogen: hormonal or
antioxidant action. Biochemical Society Transactions 25 ,
50–54.
Bendich, A. & Machlin, L.J. (1988) Safety of oral intake
of vitamin E. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48 ,
612–619.
Board on Agriculture, Committee on Animal Nutrition
(1983)Selenium in Nutrition, revised edn. National
Research Council, National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, DC.
Borgstrom, L., Kagedal, B. & Paulsen, O. (1986) Phar-

oxidative stress and antioxidant nutrients 311

Free download pdf