Terblanche, S.E. (1986) Vitamin E deficiency and
vitamin C supplements: exercise and mitochondrial
oxidation.Journal of Applied Physiology 60 , 1986–1991.
Gohil, K., Viguie, C., Stanley, W.C., Brooks, G.A. &
Packer, L. (1988) Blood glutathione oxidation during
human exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 64 ,
115–119.
Goldfarb, A. & Sen, C.K. (1994) Antioxidant supple-
mentation and the control of oxygen toxicity during
exercise. In Exercise and Oxygen Toxicity(ed. C.K. Sen,
L. Packer & O. Hanninen), pp. 163–189. Elsevier
Science, Amsterdam.
Goldfarb, A.H., Todd, M.K., Boyer, B.T., Alessio, H.M.
& Cutler, R.G. (1989) Effect of vitamin E on lipid per-
oxidation to 80% maximum oxygen consumption
(Abstract).Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
21 , S16.
Goldfarb, A.H., McIntosh, M.K. & Boyer, B.T. (1993)
Effects of vitamin E DHEA and exercise on heart
oxidative stress. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 25 , S129.
Goldfarb, A.H., McIntosh, M.K., Boyer, B.T. & Fatouros,
J. (1994) Vitamin E effects on indexes of lipid peroxi-
dation in muscle from DHEA-treated and exercised
rats.Journal of Applied Physiology 76 , 1630–1635.
Goldfarb, A.H., McIntosh, M.K. & Boyer, B.T. (1996)
Vitamin E attenuates myocardial oxidative stress
induced by DHEA in rested and exercised rats.
Journal of Applied Physiology 80 , 486–490.
Hagen, T.M., Wierzbicka, G.T., Bowman, B.B., Aw, T.Y.
& Jones, D.P. (1990) Fate of dietary glutathione: dis-
position in the gastrointestinal tract. American Journal
of Physiology 259 , G530–535.
Han, D., Handelman, G., Marcocci, L.et al.(1997)
Lipoic acid increases de novo synthesis of cellular
glutathione by improving cysteine utilization. Bio-
factors 6 , 321–338.
Handelman, G.J. (1996) Carotenoids as scavengers of
active oxygen species. In Handbook of Antioxidants
(ed. E. Cadenas & L. Packer), pp. 259–314. Marcel
Dekker, New York.
Handelman, G.J., van Kuijk, F.J., Chatterjee, A. &
Krinsky, N.I. (1991) Characterization of products
formed during the autoxidation of beta-carotene.
Free Radical Biology Medicine 10 , 427–437.
Handelman, G.J., Han, D., Tritschler, H. & Packer, L.
(1994) Alpha-lipoic acid reduction by mammalian
cells to the dithiol form, and release into the culture
medium.Biochemical Pharmacology 47 , 1725–1730.
Hartmann, A., Niess, A.M., Grunert-Fuchs, M., Poch, B.
& Speit, G. (1995) Vitamin E prevents exercise-
induced DNA damage. Mutation Research 346 , 195–
202.
Hayes, J.D. & Pulford, D.J. (1995) The glutathione S-
transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and
the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemo-
protection and drug resistance. Critical Reviews in
Biochemical and Molecular Biology 30 , 445–600.
Hellsten, Y. (1994) The role of xanthine oxidase in exer-
cise. In Exercise and Oxygen Toxicity(ed. C.K. Sen,
L. Packer & O. Hanninen), pp. 211–234. Elsevier
Science, Amsterdam.
Hellsten, Y., Apple, F.S. & Sjodin, B. (1996) Effect of
sprint cycle training on activities of antioxidant
enzymes in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied
Physiology 81 , 1484–1487.
Holdiness, M.R. (1991) Clinical pharmacokinetics of N-
acetylcysteine.Clinical Pharmacokinetics 20 , 123–134.
Hu, M.L., Frankel, E.N., Leibovitz, B.E. & Tappel, A.L.
(1989) Effect of dietary lipids and vitamin E on in
vitrolipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney
homogenates.Journal of Nutrition 119 , 1574–1582.
Huupponen, M.R., Makinen, L.H., Hyvonen, P.M., Sen,
C.K., Rankinen, T., Vaisanen, S. & Rauramaa, R.
(1995) The effect of N-acetylcysteine on exercise-
induced priming of human neutrophils: a chemilu-
minescence study. International Journal of Sports
Medicine 16 , 399–403.
International Programme of Chemical Safety (1987)
Selenium. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Issels, R.D., Nagele, A., Eckert, K.G. & Wilmanns, W.
(1988) Promotion of cystine uptake and its utilization
for glutathione biosynthesis induced by cysteamine
and N-acetylcysteine. Biochemical Pharmacology 37 ,
881–888.
Jackson, M.J. (1987) Muscle damage during exercise:
possible role of free radicals and protective effect of
vitamin E. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 46 ,
77–80.
Jackson, M.J., Jones, D.A. & Edwards, R.H.T. (1983)
Biology of vitamin E. In Biology of Vitamin E: Proceed-
ings of a Ciba Foundation Symposium(ed. R. Porter & J.
Wheelan), pp. 224–239. Pitman Medical, London.
Jenkins, R.R. & Halliwell, B. (1994) Metal binding
agents: possible role in exercise. In Exercise and
Oxygen Toxicity (ed. C.K. Sen, L. Packer &
O. Hanninen), pp. 59–76. Elsevier Science, Amster-
dam.
Jenkins, R.R., Friedland, R. & Howald, H. (1984) The
relationship of oxygen uptake to superoxide dismu-
tase and catalase activity in human skeletal muscle.
International Journal of Sports Medicine 5 , 11–14.
Ji, L.L. (1994) Exercise induced oxidative stress in heart.
InExercise and Oxygen Toxicity(ed. C.K. Sen, L.
Packer & O. Hanninen), pp. 249–267. Elsevier
Science, Amsterdam.
Ji, L.L., Stratman, F.W. & Lardy, H.A. (1988) Antioxi-
dant enzyme systems in rat liver and skeletal muscle:
influences of selenium deficiency, chronic training,
and acute exercise. Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics 263 , 150–160.
Jungersten, L., Ambring, A., Wall, B. & Wennmalm, A.