References
Bahrke, M. & Morgan, W. (1994) Evaluation of the
ergogenic properties of ginseng. Sports Medicine 18 ,
229–248.
Beltz, S. & Doering, P. (1993) Efficacy of nutritional sup-
plements used by athletes. Clinical Pharmacy 12 ,
900–908.
Bucci, L. (1993) Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and
Exercise. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Burke, L. & Read, R. (1993) Dietary supplements in
sport.Sports Medicine 15 , 43–65.
Cade, R., Conte, M., Zauner, C.et al.(1984) Effects of
phosphate loading on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and
maximal oxygen uptake. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise 16 , 263–68.
Colombani, P., Wenk, C., Kunz, I.et al.(1996) Effects of
L-carnitine supplementation on physical perfor-
mance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained
athletes: a double-blind crossover field study. Euro-
pean Journal of Applied Physiology 73 , 434–439.
Conlay, L., Sabounjian, L. & Wurtman, R. (1992) Exer-
cise and neuromodulators: choline and acetylcholine
in marathon runners. International Journal of Sports
Medicine 13 , S141–42.
DeLuca, J., Freund, B., Montain, S., Latzka, W. &
Sawka, M. (1993) Hormonal responses to hyperhy-
dration with glycerol vs. water alone (Abstract).
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25 , S36.
Demopoulous, H., Santomier, J., Seligman, M., Hogan,
P. & Pietronigro, D. (1986) Free radical pathology:
rationale and toxicology of antioxidants and other
supplements in sports medicine and exercise science.
InSport, Health and Nutrition(ed. F. Katch), pp.
139–189. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.
Dowling, E., Redondo, D., Branch, J., Jones, S.,
McNabb, G. & Williams, M. (1996) Effect of Eleuthero-
coccus senticosuson submaximal and maximal exer-
cise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 28 , 482–489.
Elam, R. (1989) Effects of arginine and ornithine on
strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxypro-
line in adult males. Journal of Sports Medicine and
Physical Fitness 29 , 52–56.
Fogelholm, M., Nagueri, H., Kiilavuori, K. &
Haarkaonen, M. (1993) No effects on serum human
growth hormone and insulin in male weightlifters.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3 , 290–297.
Freund, B., Montain, S., McKay, J., Laird, J., Young, A. &
Sawka, M. (1993) Renal responses to hyperhydration
using aqueous glycerol vs. water alone provide
insight to the mechanism for glycerol’s effectiveness
(Abstract).Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
25 , S35.
Fry, A., Bonner, E., Lewis, D., Johnson, R., Stone, M. &
Kraemer, W. (1997) The effects of gamma-oryzanol
supplementation during resistance exercise training.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition 7 , 318–329.
Grunewald, K. & Bailey, R. (1993) Commercially mar-
keted supplements for bodybuilding athletes. Sports
Medicine 15 , 90–103.
Heinonen, O. (1996) Carnitine and physical exercise.
Sports Medicine 22 , 109–132.
Kanter, M. & Williams, M. (1995) Antioxidants, carni-
tine and choline as putative ergogenic aids. Interna-
tional Journal of Sport Nutrition 5 , S120–131.
Kreider, R., Miller, G., Williams, M., Somma, C. &
Nassar, T. (1990) Effects of phosphate loading on
oxygen uptake, ventilatory anaerobic threshold, and
run performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 22 , 250–56.
Kreider, R., Miller, G., Schenck, D.et al.(1992) Effects
of phosphate loading on metabolic and myocardial
responses to maximal and endurance exercise. Inter-
national Journal of Sport Nutrition 2 , 20–47.
Lamb, D., Lightfoot, W. & Myhal, M. (1997) Prehydra-
tion with glycerol does not improve cycling perfor-
mance vs. 6% CHO-electrolyte drink (Abstract).
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise29,S249.
Lambert, M., Hefer, J., Millar, R. & Macfarlane, P. (1993)
Failure of commercial oral amino acid supplements
to increase serum growth hormone concentrations in
male bodybuilders. International Journal of Sport
Nutrition 3 , 298–305.
Lyons, T., Riedesel, M., Meuli, L. & Chick, T. (1990)
Effects of glycerol-induced hyperhydration prior to
exercise in the heat on sweating and core tempera-
ture. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22 ,
477–483.
Malm, C., Svensson, M., Sjoberg, B., Ekblom, B. &
Sjodin, B. (1996) Supplementation with ubiquinone-
10 causes cellular damage during intense exercise.
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 157 , 511–512.
Mitchell, M., Dimeff, R. & Burns, B. (1993) Effects of
supplementation with arginine and lysine on body
composition, strength and growth hormone levels in
weightlifters (Abstract). Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise 25 , S25.
Montner, P., Chick, T., Riedesel, M., Timms, M., Stark,
D. & Murata, G. (1992) Glycerol hyperhydration and
endurance exercise (Abstract). Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise 24 , S157.
Morris, A., Jacobs, I., McLellan, T., Klugerman, A.,
Wang, L. & Zamecnik, J. (1996) No ergogenic effect of
ginseng ingestion. International Journal of Sport
Nutrition 6 , 263–271.
Nissen, S., Faidley, T., Zimmerman, D., Izard, R. &
Fisher, C. (1994) Colostral milk fat percentage and
pig performance are enhanced by feeding the leucine
metaboliteb-hydroxy-b-methyl butyrate to sows.
Journal of Animal Science 72 , 2331–2337.