energy balance in athletic menstrual dysfunction.
International Journal of Sport Nutrition 6 , 165–190.
Dwyer, J.T. (1999) Dietary assessment. In Modern Nutri-
tion in Health and Disease, 9th edn (ed. M.E. Shils, J.A.
Olson, M. Shike & A.C. Ross), pp. 937–959. Lea &
Febiger, Baltimore, MD.
Ferraro, R., Lillioja, S., Fontvieille, A.M., Rising, R.,
Bodgarus, C. & Ravussin, E. (1992) Lower sedentary
metabolic rate in women compared to men. Journal of
Clinical Investigation 90 , 780–784.
Flatt, J.P. (1992) The biochemistry of energy expendi-
ture. In Obesity(ed. P. Bjorntrop & B.N. Brodoff), pp.
100–116. J.B. Lippincott, New York.
Fogelholm, M. (1994) Effects of bodyweight reduction
on sports performance. Sports Medicine 18 , 249–267.
Food and Nutrition Board (1989) Recommended Dietary
Allowances, 10th edn. National Research Council,
National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Foreyt, J.P. & Goodrick, G.K. (1991) Factors common to
successful therapy for the obese patient. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise 23 , 292–297.
Foreyt, J.P. & Goodrick, G.K. (1993) Weight manage-
ment without dieting. Nutrition TodayMarch/April,
4–9.
Harris, J.A. & Benedict, F.G. (1919) A Biometric Study of
Basal Metabolism in Man(Carnegie Institute, Wash-
ington publication no. 279). F.B. Lippincott, Philadel-
phia, PA.
Hellerstein, M.K., Christiansen, M., Kaempfer, S.et al.
(1991) Measurement of de novo hepatic lipogenesis
in humans using stable isotopes. Journal of Clinical
Investigation 87 , 1841–1852.
Hill, J.O., Drougas, H. & Peters, J.C. (1993) Obesity
treatment: can diet composition play a role? Annals of
Internal Medicine 119 (7 part 2), 694–697.
Horswill, C.A. (1992) Applied physiology of amateur
wrestling. Sports Medicine 14 , 114–143.
Horswill, C.A. (1993) Weight loss and weight cycling in
amateur wrestlers: implications for performance and
resting metabolic rate. International Journal of Sport
Nutrition 3 , 245–260.
Jebb, S.A., Prentice, A.M., Goldberg, G.R., Murgatroyd,
P.R., Black, A.E. & Coward, W.A. (1996) Changes in
macronutrient balance during over- and under-
feeding assessed by 12-d continuous whole-body
calorimetry. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64 ,
259–266.
Keys, A., Taylor, H.L. & Grande, F. (1983) Basal metabo-
lism and age of adult man. Metabolism 22 , 579–587.
Klem, M.L., McGuire, T.M., Wing, R.R., Seagle, H. &
Hill, J.O. (1996) The national weight control registry:
the diet and exercise behaviors of individuals highly
successful at long-term maintenance of weight loss.
International Journal of Obesity 4 (Suppl. 1), 7S.
Krempf, M., Hoerr, R.A., Pelletier, V.A., Marks, L.A.,
Gleason, R. & Young, V.R. (1993) An isotopic study of
482 practical issues
the effect of dietary carbohydrate on the metabolic
fate of dietary leucine and phenylalanine. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57 , 161–169.
Lemon, P.R.W. (1995) Do athletes need more protein
and amino acids? International Journal of Sport Nutri-
tion 5 , S39–S61.
Manore, M.M. (1996) Chronic dieting in active women:
what are the health consequences? Women’s Health
Issues 6 , 332–341.
Melby, C., Scholl, C., Edwards, G. & Bullough, R. (1993)
Effect of acute resistance exercise on post-exercise
energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate.
Journal of Applied Physiology 75 , 1847–1853.
Mifflin, M.D., St Jeor, S., Hill, L.A., Scott, B.J., Daugh-
erty, S.A. & Koh, Y.O. (1990) A new predictive equa-
tion for resting energy expenditure in healthy
individuals.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 ,
241–247.
Montoye, H.J., Kemper, H.C.G., Saris, W.H.M. & Wash-
burn, R.A. (1996) Measuring Physical Activity and
Energy Expenditure.Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.
Nichols, J., Ross, S. & Patterson, P. (1988) Thermic effect
of food at rest and following swim exercise in trained
college men and women. Annals of Nutrition and
Metabolism 32 , 215–219.
Owen, O.E., Kavle, E., Owen, R.S.et al.(1986) A reap-
praisal of caloric requirements in healthy women.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44 , 1–19.
Owen, O.E., Holup, J.L., D’Alessio, D.A.et al.(1987) A
reappraisal of the caloric requirements of men.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46 , 875–885.
Piers, L.S., Diggavi, S.N., Rijskamp, J., van Raaij,
J.M.A., Shetty, P.S., & Hautvast, J.G.A.J. (1995)
Resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of a meal in
the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle
in well-nourished Indian women. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition 61 , 296–302.
Poehlman, E.T. (1989) A review: exercise and its influ-
ence on resting energy metabolism in man. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise 21 , 515–525.
Ravussin, E. & Swinburn, B.A. (1993) Energy Metabo-
lism. In Obesity: Theory and Therapy, 2nd edn (ed. A.J.
Stunkard & T.A. Wadden), pp. 97–123. Raven Press,
New York.
Ravussin, E., Lillioja, S., Anderson, T.E., Christin, L. &
Bogardus, C. (1986) Determinants of 24-hour energy
expenditure in man: methods and results using a res-
piratory chamber. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78 ,
1568–1578.
Schlundt, D.G. (1988) Accuracy and reliability of
nutrient intake estimates. Journal of Nutrition 118 ,
1432–1435.
Schutz, Y. & Jequier, E. (1994) Energy needs: assessment
and requirements. In Modern Nutrition in Health and
Disease, 8th edn (ed. M.E. Shils, J.A. Olson & M.
Shike), pp. 101–111. Lea & Febiger, Baltimore, MD.