References
Anantaraman, R., Carmines, A.A., Gaesser, G.A. &
Weltman, A. (1995) Effects of carbohydrate supple-
mentation on performance during 1 h of high inten-
sity exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine
16 , 461–465.
Below, P.R., Mora-Rodríguez, R., Gonzáles Alonso, J. &
Coyle, E.F. (1995) Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion
independently improve performance during 1 h of
intense exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise 27 , 200–210.
Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E. & Saltin, B.
(1967) Diet, muscle glycogen and physical perfor-
mance.Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 71 , 140–150.
Blom, P.C.S., Høstmark, A.T., Vaage, O., Kardel, K.R. &
Maehlum, S. (1987) Effect of different post-exercise
sugar diets on the rate of muscle glycogen resynthe-
sis.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19 ,
491–496.
Brouns, F. (1986) Dietary problems in the case of strenu-
ous exertion. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical
Fitness 26 , 306–319.
Brouns, F., Rehrer, N.J., Saris, W.H.M., Beckers, E.,
Menheere, P. & ten Hoor, F. (1989a) Effect of carbohy-
drate intake during warming up on the regulation of
blood glucose during exercise. International Journal of
Sports Medicine 10 , S68–S75.
Brouns, F., Saris, W.H.M., Beckers, E.et al.(1989b)
Metabolic changes induced by sustained exhaustive
cycling and diet manipulation. International Journal of
Sports Medicine 10 , S49–S62.
Brouns, F., Saris, W.H.M., Stroecken, J.et al.(1989c)
Eating, drinking, and cycling: a controlled Tour de
France simulation study. Part I. International Journal
of Sports Medicine 10 , S32–S40.
Brouns, F., Saris, W.H.M., Stroecken, J.et al.(1989d)
Eating, drinking, and cycling: a controlled Tour de
France simulation study. Part II. Effect of diet ma-
nipulation.International Journal of Sports Medicine 10 ,
S41–S48.
Brouns, F., Rehrer, N.J., Beckers, E., Saris, W.H.M.,
Menheere, P. & ten Hoor, F. (1991) Reaktive hypo-
glykamie.Deutsche Zeitschrift fuer Sportmedizin 42 ,
188–200.
Christensen, E.H. & Hansen, O. (1939) Arbeitsfahigkeit
und ernahrung. Scandinavian Archives of Physiology
81 , 160–171.
Coggan, A.R. & Coyle, E.F. (1987) Reversal of fatigue
during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion
or ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology 63 ,
2388–2395.
Coggan, A.R. & Coyle, E.F. (1988) Effect of carbohy-
drate feedings during high-intensity exercise. Journal
of Applied Physiology 65 , 1703–1709.
572 sport-specific nutrition
Coggan, A.R. & Coyle, E.F. (1989) Metabolism and per-
formance following carbohydrate ingestion late in
exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21 ,
59–65.
Coyle, E.F. & Coggan, A.R. (1984) Effectiveness of
carbohydrate feeding in delaying fatigue during
prolonged exercise. Sports Medicine 1 , 446–458.
Erp van-Baart, A.M.J., Saris, W.H.M., Binkhorst, R.A.,
Vos, J.A. & Elvers, J.W.H. (1989) Nationwide survey
on nutritional habits in elite athletes. Part I. Energy
carbohydrate, protein. International Journal of Sports
Medicine 10 , S3–S10.
Foster, C., Costill, D.L. & Fink, W.J. (1979) Effects of
preexercise feedings on endurance performance.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11 , 1–5.
Gleeson, M., Maughan, R.J. & Greenhaff, P.L. (1986)
Comparison of the effects of pre-exercise feeding of
glucose, glycerol and placebo on endurance and fuel
homeostasis in man. European Journal of Applied
Physiology 55 , 645–653.
Goodpaster, B.H., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J. et al. (1996)
The effects of pre-exercise starch ingestion on
endurance performance. International Journal of
Sports Medicine 17 , 366–372.
Hargreaves, M., Costill, D.L., Coggan, A., Fink, W.J. &
Nishibata, I. (1984) Effect of carbohydrate feedings
on muscle glycogen utilisation and exercise perfor-
mance.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16 ,
219–222.
Hawley, J.A., Dennis, S.C. & Noakes, T.D. (1992)
Oxidation of carbohydrate ingested during pro-
longed endurance exercise. Sports Medicine 14 , 27–
42.
Ivy, J.L., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J. & Maglischo, E. (1980)
Contribution of medium and long chain triglyceride
intake to energy metabolism during prolonged exer-
cise.International Journal of Sports Medicine 1 , 15–20.
Ivy, J.L., Katz, A.L., Cutler, C.L., Sherman, W.M. &
Coyle, E.F. (1988a) Muscle glycogen synthesis after
exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion.
Journal of Applied Physiology 64 , 1480–1485.
Ivy, J.L., Lee, M.C., Brozinick, J.T. & Reed, M.J. (1988b)
Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of
carbohydrate ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology
65 , 2018–2023.
Jeukendrup, A. (1997) Aspects of Carbohydrate and Fat
Metabolism during Exercise. De Vrieseborch, Haarlem.
Jeukendrup, A.E., Saris, W.H.M., Schrauwen, P.,
Brouns, F. & Wagenmakers, A.J.M. (1995) Metabolic
availability of medium chain triglycerides co-
ingested with carbohydrates during prolonged
exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 79 , 756–762.
Jeukendrup, A.E., Saris, W.H.M., Van Diesen, R.,
Brouns, F. & Wagenmakers, A.J.M. (1996a) Effect
of endogenous carbohydrate availability on oral
medium-chain triglyceride oxidation during pro-