Page numbers in boldrefer to tables; page numbers in italicrefer to figures.
skeletal muscle contraction 17
hydrolysis 19
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
formation 26, 27 , 27
adipose tissue 184
lipoprotein lipase 46
non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)
release 46, 47
triacylglycerol
lipolysis 189
storage 29, 472
adolescent athletes
bone density 430, 431
calcium requirements 430, 438, 589
delayed sexual development 432
age at menarche 432, 433 , 433
developmental changes 430
dieting behaviour 430–1
eating disorders 588
fat intake 435
fluid intake 435–7
composition 436, 437
growth-related nutrient requirements
435
growth spurt 430, 602
gymnasts 591
body fat composition 600, 601 , 602
energy requirements 591 , 592
female 588
growth characteristics 602
inadequate nutritional intake 589
iron balance 327, 431, 438
menstrual iron losses 430
nutritional education 430, 438–9
carbohydrate intake 434–5
nutritional requirements 430
protein requirements 146, 435
swimmers 610
thermoregulation 435–6
vitamin/mineral supplements 430
vitamin status 437–8
adrenal cortex 32
adrenal medulla 32
adrenaline 32, 91
carbohydrate ingestion during
performance response 502
cold stress responses 498
sprinting-associated release 538adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
187
aerobic metabolism 26–8
carbohydrate 5, 6, 7
endurance training response 37
maximal exercise intensity 88, 89
prolonged exercise 35, 36
respiratory quotient (RQ) 8
distance skiing 657, 658
energy sources 5, 6–7
maximum aerobic power seemaximum
aerobic power/oxygen uptake
(V
.
O2max.)
metabolic power production 7 , 7
steady state exercise 5, 10
team sports 575–6, 576
type I muscle fibres 9–10, 19
type IIa muscle fibres 20
aerobic training 12 , 12–13
cardiovascular system response 15
child athletes 434
duration of events 12
oxygen uptake 10 , 10
power development capacity
detriment 15
programme components 13
pulmonary ventilation 10 , 10
skeletal muscle response 15
specificity of effects 13
see alsoendurance training
age-related changes
energy expenditure 58
splanchnic blood flow 246
sweating capacity 207
thirst mechanism 211
alanine 125
lymphocyte/macrophage metabolism
159
muscle production 121, 137, 138
production from pyruvate 120, 123,
125–6, 129
alanine aminotransferase 125 , 125–6, 127,
128, 129
albumin-binding protein 187
alcohol consumption 357, 405–13
accidents/high-risk behaviour 411
athletes’ lifestyles 405–6, 408, 412
banned substance status 407Index
663
abdominal cramps 248, 250, 251
acetyl coenzyme A 21, 26, 29, 87
acetylcholine
central fatigue 172, 179–80
synthesis 179
acid reflux 242, 248, 249
acid–base balance 393–5
bicarbonate buffer system 394–5
during exercise 395–6
regulation 394
acidosis 394, 395
acids 393
actin filaments 17, 18 , 18, 319
contraction mechanism 19
action potential 18
activities list, energy expenditure 58,
62–72
acute phase response 329, 330, 342
zinc serum levels 340
adaptive thermogenesis 473
adenosine monophosphate (AMP) 22–3,
30
deamination to inosine
monophosphate (IMP) 23, 121
hot environment exercise 501
glycogenolysis regulation 86, 87
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)–
deaminase reaction 23, 121
adenosine receptor antagonism by
caffeine 386
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 5, 17, 21,
155, 356
energy source 6, 7, 85, 86
high-intensity exercise 33
energy yield 21
glycolytic pathway 23, 24, 25
resynthesis 5, 6, 7, 85
anaerobic 88, 94
biochemistry 21
energy charge relationship 32
maximal exercise intensity 88
metabolic overtraining
(overreaching) 493
oxidative 88, 94
phosphocreatine (PCr) 21–3
prolonged exercise 35, 36
rates 21
submaximal exercise intensity 90