swimming (Cont.)
iron status 617, 618
overtraining 615
protein requirements 615–16
training carbohydrate requirements
611–13, 612
during swimming sessions 613–15,
614 , 614
training energy demands 609–10
young athletes 432
Le Système International(SI) 4
team sports 574–86
aerobic energy production 575–6
anaerobic energy production 574–5
creatine ingestion 582–3
fluid intake 584–5
after exercise 585
before exercise 584
during exercise 584–5
recommendations 585
food intake 579–80
carbohydrate 580–1
minerals 582
postexercise 583–4
pretraining/competition meals 583
protein 581
vitamins 582
intensity of exercise 574, 575
nutritional requirements 577
intermittent exercise performance
577–9, 578 , 579
substrate utilization 576 , 576–7
telemetry 56
testosterone
strength training response 626
vegetarians 452, 453
theobromine 387
theophylline 387
cold environment exercise 499, 500
thermic effect of activity (TEA) 472
thermic effect of food (TEF) 53, 472
determinant factors 474–5
thermoregulation 203–7, 205 , 216
alcohol consumption effects 411
children/adolescents 207, 435–6
cold environment exercise 497, 498
distance skiing 659–60
evaporative heat loss 226
exercise performance 218–21
heat balance equations 204
hyperhydration response 221
hypohydration effects 220 , 220–1, 641
plasma osmolality relationship 209–10
racquet sports 633–4
thiaminseevitamin B 1
thiaminpyrophosphate 268, 269, 283
thiazide 218
thirst 211, 556, 585, 604
physiology 211–12
central control centres 212
water deficit alleviation 212, 217–18
thirst control centres 212
time, SI units 4
Tissot tank 55
total adenine nucleotide pool 32
total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
472
energy intake estimation 477
678 index
prediction 475–7
total energy expenditure (TEE) 418, 419
trace minerals 339–51
supplements 350–1
adverse effects 425
tranquillizers abuse 514
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
171
transferrin 327
transketolase 269
trauma, glutamine demand 160
travel 484 –91
body mass changes 486
dehydration 486–7
eating strategy 490
food allergies/intolerance 489–90
food availability 485–6
illness 488–9
food safety 489
jet lag 487–8
traveller’s diarrhoea 488–9
food safety 489
triacylglycerol 29 , 29, 46, 47, 48, 85, 185
adipose tissue storage 29, 472
clearance 46
exercise effects 48, 49
insulin resistance-associated
abnormalities 47
postprandial 49
endurance training response 37
energy yield 29
fatty acids mobilization 185, 186
lipolysis 189
lipoprotein lipase hydrolysis 187
lipoprotein sources 187
non-insulin-dependent diabetes 43
oestrogen effects 419
skeletal muscle metabolism 188, 189
team sports 576
skeletal muscle storage 17, 29, 188
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 21, 26, 27 ,
28 , 87, 88, 93, 269
amino acid metabolism 29, 119, 120 ,
122, 128–9
alanine aminotransferase 125, 126 ,
127, 128, 129
fatigue mechanism 126 , 126–7
children 434
endurance training response 37
regulation 30, 31 , 32
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 489
tropomyosin 17, 18 , 18, 19
troponin 17, 18 , 18, 395
troponin C 319
tryptophan 487
brain metabolism 156
5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis
172–3, 173
central fatigue 156, 157, 387
exercise-associated plasma elevation
172
fatty acid mobilization-associated
plasma levels 156, 157
megadoses as ergogenic aids 357
overtraining syndrome (staleness) 494
tryptophan hydroxylase 172
type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres 9, 19,
92
capillarization 19distance skiing 657
distribution in whole muscles 20
endurance training response 13, 15, 37
intermittent exercise 577
lipoprotein lipase activity 188
maximum velocity of shortening 621
motor unit recruitment order 20
muscle power output 621
properties 19
strength training response 626
submaximal exercise 93
triacylglycerol 188
type II (fast twitch) muscle fibres 9, 19,
85, 92
aerobic training response 15
anaerobic training response 13, 14, 15,
626
capillarization 19
creatine supplementation response
374, 375
distribution in whole muscles 20
intermittent exercise 577
maximal exercise 92
muscle power output 621
myosin ATPase staining 9
type IIa (fast twitch fatigue resistant)
muscle fibres 9, 19
gymnastics 589–90
metabolic characteristics 20
motor unit recruitment order 20
type IIab (fast twitch) muscle fibres 9
type IIb (fast twitch fatiguable) muscle
fibres 9, 19
anaerobic capacity 19
glycogenolytic/glycolytic enzymes
19
gymnastics 589–90
maximum velocity of shortening 621
metabolic characteristics 19–20
motor unit recruitment order 20
tyrosine metabolism 177, 178
tyrosine supplementation 178–9
ubiquinone 266
antioxidant properties 301
supplements 307–8, 361–2
female athletes 423
upper respiratory tract infection 162–3,
163
glutamine feeding study 165 , 165
urea metabolism 137, 138
uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose 98
urinary caffeine levels 389
urinary calcium losses 321
urinary creatinine excretion 368
urinary iron losses 333
urinary nitrogen 57, 58
urinary zinc losses 340
urine output 208
postexercise alcohol consumption 262,
409
postexercise rehydration fluid
compostiion 259, 262 , 260, 261
regulation 210, 213
vanadium 339, 349–50, 351
vanadyl sulphate 529
vasopressin seeantidiuretic hormone
vastus lateralis fibre types 20