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9781118230725.pdf

(Chris Devlin) #1

  • 1 Measurement CONTENTS

  • 1-1MEASURING THINGS, INCLUDING LENGTHS

  • What Is Physics?

  • Measuring Things

  • The International System of Units

  • Changing Units

  • Length

  • Significant Figures and Decimal Places

  • 1-2TIME

  • Time

  • 1-3MASS

  • Mass

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 8 PROBLEMS

  • 2 Motion Along a Straight Line

  • 2-1POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY

  • What Is Physics?

  • Motion

  • Position and Displacement

  • Average Velocity and Average Speed

  • 2-2INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED

  • Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

  • 2-3ACCELERATION

  • Acceleration

  • 2-4CONSTANT ACCELERATION

  • Constant Acceleration: A Special Case

  • Another Look at Constant Acceleration

  • 2-5FREE-FALL ACCELERATION

  • Free-Fall Acceleration

  • 2-6GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IN MOTION ANALYSIS

  • Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 30 QUESTIONS 31 PROBLEMS

  • 3 Vectors

  • 3-1VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS

  • What Is Physics?

  • Vectors and Scalars

  • Adding Vectors Geometrically

  • Components of Vectors

  • 3-2UNIT VECTORS, ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS

  • Unit Vectors

    • Adding Vectors by Components

    • Vectors and the Laws of Physics

    • 3-3MULTIPLYING VECTORS

    • Multiplying Vectors

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 55 QUESTIONS 56 PROBLEMS

    • 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

    • 4-1POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT

    • What Is Physics?

    • Position and Displacement

    • 4-2AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

    • Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity

    • 4-3AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION

    • Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration

    • 4-4PROJECTILE MOTION

    • Projectile Motion

    • 4-5UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

    • Uniform Circular Motion

    • 4-6RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

    • Relative Motion in One Dimension

    • 4-7RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

    • Relative Motion in Two Dimensions

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 81 QUESTIONS 82 PROBLEMS

    • 5 Force and Motion—I

    • 5-1NEWTON’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS

    • What Is Physics?

    • Newtonian Mechanics

    • Newton’s First Law

    • Force

    • Mass

    • Newton’s Second Law

    • 5-2SOME PARTICULAR FORCES

    • Some Particular Forces

    • 5-3APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS

    • Newton’s Third Law

    • Applying Newton’s Laws

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 114 QUESTIONS 114 PROBLEMS



  • 6 Force and Motion—II CONTENTS vii

  • 6-1FRICTION

  • What Is Physics?

  • Friction

  • Properties of Friction

  • 6-2THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED

  • The Drag Force and Terminal Speed

  • 6-3UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

  • Uniform Circular Motion

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 138 QUESTIONS 139 PROBLEMS

  • 7 Kinetic Energy and Work

  • 7-1KINETIC ENERGY

  • What Is Physics?

  • What Is Energy?

  • Kinetic Energy

  • 7-2WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY

  • Work

  • Work and Kinetic Energy

  • 7-3WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

  • Work Done by the Gravitational Force

  • 7-4WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE

  • Work Done by a Spring Force

  • 7-5WORK DONE BY A GENERAL VARIABLE FORCE

  • Work Done by a General Variable Force

  • 7-6POWER

  • Power

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 168 QUESTIONS 169 PROBLEMS

  • 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

  • 8-1POTENTIAL ENERGY

  • What Is Physics?

  • Work and Potential Energy

  • Path Independence of Conservative Forces

  • Determining Potential Energy Values

  • 8-2CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

  • Conservation of Mechanical Energy

  • 8-3READING A POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE

  • Reading a Potential Energy Curve

    • 8-4WORK DONE ON A SYSTEM BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE

    • Work Done on a System by an External Force

    • 8-5CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

    • Conservation of Energy

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 199 QUESTIONS 200 PROBLEMS

    • 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum

    • 9-1CENTER OF MASS

    • What Is Physics?

    • The Center of Mass

    • 9-2NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES

    • Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles

    • 9-3LINEAR MOMENTUM

    • Linear Momentum

    • The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles

    • 9-4COLLISION AND IMPULSE

    • Collision and Impulse

    • 9-5CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

    • Conservation of Linear Momentum

    • 9-6MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN COLLISIONS

    • Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions

    • Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension

    • 9-7ELASTIC COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION

    • Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

    • 9-8COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS

    • Collisions in Two Dimensions

    • 9-9SYSTEMS WITH VARYING MASS: A ROCKET

    • Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 243 QUESTIONS 245 PROBLEMS

    • 10 Rotation

    • 10-1ROTATIONAL VARIABLES

    • What Is Physics?

    • Rotational Variables

    • Are Angular Quantities Vectors?

    • 10-2ROTATION WITH CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION

    • Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration

    • 10-3RELATING THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR VARIABLES

    • Relating the Linear and Angular Variables



  • 10-4KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION viii CONTENTS

  • Kinetic Energy of Rotation

  • 10-5CALCULATING THE ROTATIONAL INERTIA

  • Calculating the Rotational Inertia

  • 10-6TORQUE

  • Torque

  • 10-7NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATION

  • Newton’s Second Law for Rotation

  • 10-8WORK AND ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY

  • Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 285 QUESTIONS 286 PROBLEMS

  • 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum

  • 11-1ROLLING AS TRANSLATION AND ROTATION COMBINED

  • What Is Physics?

  • Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined

  • 11-2FORCES AND KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING

  • The Kinetic Energy of Rolling

  • The Forces of Rolling

  • 11-3THE YO-YO

  • The Yo-Yo

  • 11-4TORQUE REVISITED

  • Torque Revisited

  • 11-5ANGULAR MOMENTUM

  • Angular Momentum

  • 11-6NEWTON’S SECOND LAW IN ANGULAR FORM

  • Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form

  • 11-7ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY

  • The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles

  • The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis

  • 11-8CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

  • Conservation of Angular Momentum

  • 11-9PRECESSION OF A GYROSCOPE

  • Precession of a Gyroscope

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 318 QUESTIONS 319 PROBLEMS

  • 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity

  • 12-1EQUILIBRIUM

  • What Is Physics?

    • Equilibrium

    • The Requirements of Equilibrium

    • The Center of Gravity

    • 12-2SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

    • Some Examples of Static Equilibrium

    • 12-3ELASTICITY

    • Indeterminate Structures

    • Elasticity

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 343 QUESTIONS 343 PROBLEMS

    • 13 Gravitation

    • 13-1NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION

    • What Is Physics?

    • Newton’s Law of Gravitation

    • 13-2GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

    • Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition

    • 13-3GRAVITATION NEAR EARTH’S SURFACE

    • Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface

    • 13-4GRAVITATION INSIDE EARTH

    • Gravitation Inside Earth

    • 13-5GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

    • Gravitational Potential Energy

    • 13-6PLANETS AND SATELLITES: KEPLER’S LAWS

    • Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws

    • 13-7SATELLITES: ORBITS AND ENERGY

    • Satellites: Orbits and Energy

    • 13-8EINSTEIN AND GRAVITATION

    • Einstein and Gravitation

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 376 QUESTIONS 377 PROBLEMS

    • 14 Fluids

    • 14-1FLUIDS, DENSITY, AND PRESSURE

    • What Is Physics?

    • What Is a Fluid?

    • Density and Pressure

    • 14-2FLUIDS AT REST

    • Fluids at Rest

    • 14-3MEASURING PRESSURE

    • Measuring Pressure



  • 14-4PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE CONTENTS ix

  • Pascal’s Principle

  • 14-5ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

  • Archimedes’ Principle

  • 14-6THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY

  • Ideal Fluids in Motion

  • The Equation of Continuity

  • 14-7BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

  • Bernoulli’s Equation

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 405 QUESTIONS 405 PROBLEMS

  • 15 Oscillations

  • 15-1SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

  • What Is Physics?

  • Simple Harmonic Motion

  • The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion

  • 15-2ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

  • Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

  • 15-3AN ANGULAR SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR

  • An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator

  • 15-4PENDULUMS, CIRCULAR MOTION

  • Pendulums

  • Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion

  • 15-5DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

  • Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

  • 15-6FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE

  • Forced Oscillations and Resonance

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 434 QUESTIONS 434 PROBLEMS

  • 16 Waves—I

  • 16-1TRANSVERSE WAVES

  • What Is Physics?

  • Types of Waves

  • Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

  • Wavelength and Frequency

  • The Speed of a Traveling Wave

  • 16-2WAVE SPEED ON A STRETCHED STRING

  • Wave Speed on a Stretched String

    • A STRING 16-3ENERGY AND POWER OF A WAVE TRAVELING ALONG



  • Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String

    • 16-4THE WAVE EQUATION

    • The Wave Equation

    • 16-5INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

    • The Principle of Superposition for Waves

    • Interference of Waves

    • 16-6PHASORS

    • Phasors

    • 16-7STANDING WAVES AND RESONANCE

    • Standing Waves

    • Standing Waves and Resonance

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 470 QUESTIONS 471 PROBLEMS

    • 17 Waves—II

    • 17-1SPEED OF SOUND

    • What Is Physics?

    • Sound Waves

    • The Speed of Sound

    • 17-2TRAVELING SOUND WAVES

    • Traveling Sound Waves

    • 17-3INTERFERENCE

    • Interference

    • 17-4INTENSITY AND SOUND LEVEL

    • Intensity and Sound Level

    • 17-5SOURCES OF MUSICAL SOUND

    • Sources of Musical Sound

    • 17-6BEATS

    • Beats

    • 17-7THE DOPPLER EFFECT

    • The Doppler Effect

    • 17-8SUPERSONIC SPEEDS, SHOCK WAVES

    • Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 504 QUESTIONS 505 PROBLEMS

    • 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics

    • 18-1TEMPERATURE

    • What Is Physics?

    • Temperature

    • The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

    • Measuring Temperature

    • 18-2THE CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT SCALES

    • The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales



  • 18-3THERMAL EXPANSION x CONTENTS

  • Thermal Expansion

  • 18-4ABSORPTION OF HEAT

  • Temperature and Heat

  • The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids

  • 18-5THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

  • A Closer Look at Heat and Work

  • The First Law of Thermodynamics

  • Thermodynamics Some Special Cases of the First Law of

  • 18-6HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS

  • Heat Transfer Mechanisms

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 538 QUESTIONS 540 PROBLEMS

  • 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases

  • 19-1AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

  • What Is Physics?

  • Avogadro’s Number

  • 19-2IDEAL GASES

  • Ideal Gases

  • 19-3PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND RMS SPEED

  • Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed

  • 19-4TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY

  • Translational Kinetic Energy

  • 19-5MEAN FREE PATH

  • Mean Free Path

  • 19-6THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS

  • The Distribution of Molecular Speeds

  • 19-7THE MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS OF AN IDEAL GAS

  • The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas

  • 19-8DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS

  • Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats

  • A Hint of Quantum Theory

  • 19-9THE ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS

  • The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 575 QUESTIONS 576 PROBLEMS

  • 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

  • 20-1ENTROPY

  • What Is Physics?

  • Irreversible Processes and Entropy

    • Change in Entropy

    • The Second Law of Thermodynamics

    • 20-2ENTROPY IN THE REAL WORLD: ENGINES

    • Entropy in the Real World: Engines

    • 20-3REFRIGERATORS AND REAL ENGINES

    • Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators

    • The Efficiencies of Real Engines

    • 20-4A STATISTICAL VIEW OF ENTROPY

    • A Statistical View of Entropy

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 602 QUESTIONS 603 PROBLEMS

    • 21 Coulomb’s Law

    • 21-1COULOMB’S LAW

    • What Is Physics?

    • Electric Charge

    • Conductors and Insulators

    • Coulomb’s Law

    • 21-2CHARGE IS QUANTIZED

    • Charge Is Quantized

    • 21-3CHARGE IS CONSERVED

    • Charge Is Conserved

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 622 QUESTIONS 623 PROBLEMS

    • 22 Electric Fields

    • 22-1THE ELECTRIC FIELD

    • What Is Physics?

    • The Electric Field

    • Electric Field Lines

    • 22-2THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE

    • The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge

    • 22-3THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE

    • The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole

    • 22-4THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE OF CHARGE

    • The Electric Field Due to Line of Charge

    • 22-5THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED DISK

    • The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk

    • 22-6A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD

    • A Point Charge in an Electric Field

    • 22-7A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD

    • A Dipole in an Electric Field

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 650 QUESTIONS 651 PROBLEMS



  • 23 Gauss’ Law CONTENTS xi

  • 23-1ELECTRIC FLUX

  • What Is Physics

  • Electric Flux

  • 23-2GAUSS’ LAW

  • Gauss’ Law

  • Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law

  • 23-3A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR

  • A Charged Isolated Conductor

  • 23-4APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY

  • Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry

  • 23-5APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: PLANAR SYMMETRY

  • Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry

  • 23-6APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY

  • Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 677 QUESTIONS 677 PROBLEMS

  • 24 Electric Potential

  • 24-1ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

  • What Is Physics?

  • Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy

  • 24-2EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD

  • Equipotential Surfaces

  • Calculating the Potential from the Field

  • 24-3POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE

  • Potential Due to a Charged Particle

  • Potential Due a Group of Charged Particles

  • 24-4POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE

  • Potential Due to an Electric Dipole

  • 24-5POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION

  • Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution

  • 24-6CALCULATING THE FIELD FROM THE POTENTIAL

  • Calculating the Field from the Potential

    • CHARGED PARTICLES 24-7ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF



  • Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles

  • 24-8POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR

  • Potential of Charged Isolated Conductor

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 707 QUESTIONS 708 PROBLEMS

    • 25 Capacitance

    • 25-1CAPACITANCE

    • What Is Physics?

    • Capacitance

    • 25-2CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE

    • Calculating the Capacitance

    • 25-3CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND IN SERIES

    • Capacitors in Parallel and in Series

    • 25-4ENERGY STORED IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD

    • Energy Stored in an Electric Field

    • 25-5CAPACITOR WITH A DIELECTRIC

    • Capacitor with a Dielectric

    • Dielectrics: An Atomic View

    • 25-6DIELECTRICS AND GAUSS’ LAW

    • Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 738 QUESTIONS 738 PROBLEMS

    • 26 Current and Resistance

    • 26-1ELECTRIC CURRENT

    • What Is Physics?

    • Electric Current

    • 26-2CURRENT DENSITY

    • Current Density

    • 26-3RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY

    • Resistance and Resistivity

    • 26-4OHM’S LAW

    • Ohm’s Law

    • A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law

    • 26-5POWER, SEMICONDUCTORS, SUPERCONDUCTORS

    • Power in Electric Circuits

    • Semiconductors

    • Superconductors

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 763 QUESTIONS 764 PROBLEMS

    • 27 Circuits

    • 27-1SINGLE-LOOP CIRCUITS

    • What Is Physics?

    • “Pumping” Charges

    • Work, Energy, and Emf

    • Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit

    • Other Single-Loop Circuits

    • Potential Difference Between Two Points



  • 27-2MULTILOOP CIRCUITS xii CONTENTS

  • Multiloop Circuits

  • 27-3THE AMMETER AND THE VOLTMETER

  • The Ammeter and the Voltmeter

  • 27-4RC CIRCUITS

  • RC Circuits

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 793 QUESTIONS 793 PROBLEMS

  • 28 Magnetic Fields

  • 28-1MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE DEFINITION OF

  • What Is Physics?

  • What Produces a Magnetic Field?

  • The Definition of

  • 28-2CROSSED FIELDS: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON

  • Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron

  • 28-3CROSSED FIELDS: THE HALL EFFECT

  • Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect

  • 28-4A CIRCULATING CHARGED PARTICLE

  • A Circulating Charged Particle

  • 28-5CYCLOTRONS AND SYNCHROTRONS

  • Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons

  • 28-6MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE

  • Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

  • 28-7TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP

  • Torque on a Current Loop

  • 28-8THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT

  • The Magnetic Dipole Moment

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 827 QUESTIONS 827 PROBLEMS

  • 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents

  • 29-1MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT

  • What Is Physics?

  • Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current

  • 29-2FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS

  • Force Between Two Parallel Currents

  • 29-3AMPERE’S LAW

  • Ampere’s Law

  • 29-4SOLENOIDS AND TOROIDS

  • Solenoids and Toroids

    • 29-5A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE :

    • A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 854 QUESTIONS 855 PROBLEMS

    • 30 Induction and Inductance

    • 30-1FARADAY’S LAW AND LENZ’S LAW

    • What Is Physics

    • Two Experiments

    • Faraday’s Law of Induction

    • Lenz’s Law

    • 30-2INDUCTION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS

    • Induction and Energy Transfers

    • 30-3INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS

    • Induced Electric Fields

    • 30-4INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE

    • Inductors and Inductance

    • 30-5SELF-INDUCTION

    • Self-Induction

    • 30-6RLCIRCUITS

    • RLCircuits

    • 30-7ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

    • Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

    • 30-8ENERGY DENSITY OF A MAGNETIC FIELD

    • Energy Density of a Magnetic Field

    • 30-9MUTUAL INDUCTION

    • Mutual Induction

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 893 QUESTIONS 893 PROBLEMS

    • 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current

    • 31-1LCOSCILLATIONS

    • What Is Physics?

    • LCOscillations, Qualitatively

    • The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy

    • LCOscillations, Quantitatively

    • 31-2DAMPED OSCILLATIONS IN AN RLCCIRCUIT

    • Damped Oscillations in an RLCCircuit

    • 31-3FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THREE SIMPLE CIRCUITS

    • Alternating Current

    • Forced Oscillations

    • Three Simple Circuits

    • 31-4THE SERIES RLCCIRCUIT

    • The Series RLCCircuit



  • 31-5POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS CONTENTS xiii

  • Power in Alternating-Current Circuits

  • 31-6TRANSFORMERS

  • Transformers

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 933 QUESTIONS 934 PROBLEMS

  • 32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter

  • 32-1GAUSS’ LAW FOR MAGNETIC FIELDS

  • What Is Physics?

  • Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields

  • 32-2INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS

  • Induced Magnetic Fields

  • 32-3DISPLACEMENT CURRENT

  • Displacement Current

  • Maxwell’s Equations

  • 32-4MAGNETS

  • Magnets

  • 32-5MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONS

  • Magnetism and Electrons

  • Magnetic Materials

  • 32-6DIAMAGNETISM

  • Diamagnetism

  • 32-7PARAMAGNETISM

  • Paramagnetism

  • 32-8FERROMAGNETISM

  • Ferromagnetism

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 964 QUESTIONS 965 PROBLEMS

  • 33 Electromagnetic Waves

  • 33-1ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

  • What Is Physics?

  • Maxwell’s Rainbow

  • The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively

  • The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively

  • 33-2ENERGY TRANSPORT AND THE POYNTING VECTOR

  • Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector

  • 33-3RADIATION PRESSURE

  • Radiation Pressure

  • 33-4POLARIZATION

  • Polarization

    • 33-5REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

    • Reflection and Refraction

    • 33-6TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

    • Total Internal Reflection

    • 33-7POLARIZATION BY REFLECTION

    • Polarization by Reflection

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 999 QUESTIONS 1000 PROBLEMS

    • 34 Images

    • 34-1IMAGES AND PLANE MIRRORS

    • What Is Physics?

    • Two Types of Image

    • Plane Mirrors

    • 34-2SPHERICAL MIRRORS

    • Spherical Mirrors

    • Images from Spherical Mirrors

    • 34-3SPHERICAL REFRACTING SURFACES

    • Spherical Refracting Surfaces

    • 34-4THIN LENSES

    • Thin Lenses

    • 34-5OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

    • Optical Instruments

    • 34-6THREE PROOFS

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1036 QUESTIONS 1037 PROBLEMS

    • 35 Interference

    • 35-1LIGHT AS A WAVE

    • What Is Physics?

    • Light as a Wave

    • 35-2YOUNG’S INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT

    • Diffraction

    • Young’s Interference Experiment

    • 35-3INTERFERENCE AND DOUBLE-SLIT INTENSITY

    • Coherence

    • Intensity in Double-Slit Interference

    • 35-4INTERFERENCE FROM THIN FILMS

    • Interference from Thin Films

    • 35-5MICHELSON’S INTERFEROMETER

    • Michelson’s Interferometer

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1072 QUESTIONS 1072 PROBLEMS



  • 36 Diffraction xiv CONTENTS

  • 36-1SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION

  • What Is Physics?

  • Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light

  • Diffraction by a Single Slit: Locating the Minima

  • 36-2INTENSITY IN SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION

  • Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction

  • Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively

  • 36-3DIFFRACTION BY A CIRCULAR APERTURE

  • Diffraction by a Circular Aperture

  • 36-4DIFFRACTION BY A DOUBLE SLIT

  • Diffraction by a Double Slit

  • 36-5DIFFRACTION GRATINGS

  • Diffraction Gratings

  • 36-6GRATINGS: DISPERSION AND RESOLVING POWER

  • Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power

  • 36-7X-RAY DIFFRACTION

  • X-Ray Diffraction

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1107 QUESTIONS 1107 PROBLEMS

  • 37 Relativity

  • 37-1SIMULTANEITY AND TIME DILATION

  • What Is Physics?

  • The Postulates

  • Measuring an Event

  • The Relativity of Simultaneity

  • The Relativity of Time

  • 37-2THE RELATIVITY OF LENGTH

  • The Relativity of Length

  • 37-3THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION

  • The Lorentz Transformation

  • Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations

  • 37-4THE RELATIVITY OF VELOCITIES

  • The Relativity of Velocities

  • 37-5DOPPLER EFFECT FOR LIGHT

  • Doppler Effect for Light

  • 37-6MOMENTUM AND ENERGY

  • A New Look at Momentum

  • A New Look at Energy

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1143 QUESTIONS 1144 PROBLEMS

    • 38 Photons and Matter Waves

    • 38-1THE PHOTON, THE QUANTUM OF LIGHT

    • What Is Physics?

    • The Photon, the Quantum of Light

    • 38-2THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

    • The Photoelectric Effect

      • INTERFERENCE 38-3PHOTONS, MOMENTUM, COMPTON SCATTERING, LIGHT



    • Photons Have Momentum

    • Light as a Probability Wave

    • 38-4THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM PHYSICS

    • The Birth of Quantum Physics

    • 38-5ELECTRONS AND MATTER WAVES

    • Electrons and Matter Waves

    • 38-6SCHRÖDINGER’S EQUATION

    • Schrödinger’s Equation

    • 38-7HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

    • Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

    • 38-8REFLECTION FROM A POTENTIAL STEP

    • Reflection from a Potential Step

    • 38-9TUNNELING THROUGH A POTENTIAL BARRIER

    • Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1179 QUESTIONS 1180 PROBLEMS

    • 39 More About Matter Waves

    • 39-1ENERGIES OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON

    • What Is Physics?

    • String Waves and Matter Waves

    • Energies of a Trapped Electron

    • 39-2WAVE FUNCTIONS OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON

    • Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron

    • 39-3AN ELECTRON IN A FINITE WELL

    • An Electron in a Finite Well

    • 39-4TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON TRAPS

    • More Electron Traps

    • Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps

    • 39-5THE HYDROGEN ATOM

    • The Hydrogen Atom Is an Electron Trap

    • The Bohr Model of Hydrogen, a Lucky Break

    • Schrödinger’s Equation and the Hydrogen Atom

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1213 QUESTIONS 1213 PROBLEMS



  • 40 All About Atoms CONTENTS xv

  • 40-1PROPERTIES OF ATOMS

  • What Is Physics?

  • Some Properties of Atoms

  • Angular Momentum, Magnetic Dipole Moments

  • 40-2THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT

  • The Stern-Gerlach Experiment

  • 40-3MAGNETIC RESONANCE

  • Magnetic Resonance

  • 40-4EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE AND MULTIPLE ELECTRONS IN A TRAP

  • The Pauli Exclusion Principle

  • Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps

  • 40-5BUILDING THE PERIODIC TABLE

  • Building the Periodic Table

  • 40-6X RAYS AND THE ORDERING OF THE ELEMENTS

  • X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements

  • 40-7LASERS

  • Lasers and Laser Light

  • How Lasers Work

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1245 QUESTIONS 1246 PROBLEMS

  • 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids

  • 41-1THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

  • What Is Physics?

  • The Electrical Properties of Solids

  • Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid

  • Insulators

  • Metals

  • 41-2SEMICONDUCTORS AND DOPING

  • Semiconductors

  • Doped Semiconductors

  • 41-3THE p-nJUNCTION AND THE TRANSISTOR

  • The p-nJunction

  • The Junction Rectifier

  • The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

  • The Transistor

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1271 QUESTIONS 1272 PROBLEMS

  • 42 Nuclear Physics

  • 42-1DISCOVERING THE NUCLEUS

  • What Is Physics?

  • Discovering the Nucleus

    • 42-2SOME NUCLEAR PROPERTIES

    • Some Nuclear Properties

    • 42-3RADIOACTIVE DECAY

    • Radioactive Decay

    • 42-4ALPHA DECAY

    • Alpha Decay

    • 42-5BETA DECAY

    • Beta Decay

    • 42-6RADIOACTIVE DATING

    • Radioactive Dating

    • 42-7MEASURING RADIATION DOSAGE

    • Measuring Radiation Dosage

    • 42-8NUCLEAR MODELS

    • Nuclear Models

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1300 QUESTIONS 1301 PROBLEMS

    • 43 Energy from the Nucleus

    • 43-1NUCLEAR FISSION

    • What Is Physics?

    • Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process

    • A Model for Nuclear Fission

    • 43-2THE NUCLEAR REACTOR

    • The Nuclear Reactor

    • 43-3A NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR

    • A Natural Nuclear Reactor

    • 43-4THERMONUCLEAR FUSION: THE BASIC PROCESS

    • Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process

    • 43-5THERMONUCLEAR FUSION IN THE SUN AND OTHER STARS

    • Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Other Stars

    • 43-6CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION

    • Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

    • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1329 QUESTIONS 1329 PROBLEMS

    • 44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang

    • 44-1GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

    • What Is Physics?

    • Particles, Particles, Particles

    • An Interlude

    • 44-2LEPTONS, HADRONS, AND STRANGENESS

    • The Leptons



  • The Hadrons xvi CONTENTS

  • Still Another Conservation Law

  • The Eightfold Way

  • 44-3QUARKS AND MESSENGER PARTICLES

  • The Quark Model

  • Basic Forces and Messenger Particles

  • 44-4COSMOLOGY

  • A Pause for Reflection

  • The Universe Is Expanding

  • The Cosmic Background Radiation

  • Dark Matter

  • The Big Bang

  • A Summing Up

  • REVIEW & SUMMARY 1362 QUESTIONS 1362 PROBLEMS

    • AThe International System of Units (SI) A- APPENDICES

    • BSome Fundamental Constants of Physics A-

    • CSome Astronomical Data A-

    • DConversion Factors A-

    • EMathematical Formulas A-

    • FProperties of The Elements A-

    • GPeriodic Table of The Elements A-

    • to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN- ANSWERS

    • INDEX I-



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