An introduction to Japanese - Syntax, Grammar & Language

3.2. FURTHER INFLECTIONS 137

As mentioned, the way these two helper verbs are added is identical
to the way ( ) is added:

verb causative

+ + + + + + + + +

verb causative

+

+

+

irregular causative

Again, we should take note that we use the correct particles, except
in this case we cannot rely on a parallel with English: the person doing the
causing is marked with , because they are the verb actor, the person(s)
affected are marked with , and the direct object is left as such (if there is
one):

”Their mother made the children eat breakfast.”

Some more examples:

”(I) made you wait, (didn’t I)?”

”(I) had (my younger) sister wake me up.”

In addition to being a causative, this construction is also a ”permis-