booklet to derive a code and then using the finder as an exploration
experience.
The Vocational Preference Inventory. The Vocational Preference
Inventory (VPI; Holland, 1985)—the first of the Holland inven-
tories—has undergone six revisions since its introduction in 1953.
The 1985 (7th) edition contains 160 occupational titles as items
and yields the six type scales and five supplemental scales (Self-
Control, Masculinity, Status, Infrequency, Acquiescence). Although
data on construct validity for the VPI seems substantial, little in the
way of internal consistency information was reported in the man-
ual, which is in need of revision and is much less comprehensive
than the SDS manuals.
My Vocational Situation and the VI Scale. The VI (see Holland,
Gottfredson, & Power, 1980) is an eighteen-item true-false scale
that taps the respondent’s possession of a clear and stable picture of
his or her goals, interests, and talents (Holland et al., 1993). A
comprehensive review of existing studies on the VI is provided,
along with its correlates and properties as a scale. The VI appears to
have uses as a screening instrument in colleges and universities, as
a pretreatment diagnostic test, and as a measure for evaluating the
effectiveness of treatments (Holland et al., 1993).
The Position Classification Inventory. The Position Classification
Inventory (PCI; Gottfredson & Holland, 1991) is an eighty-four-
item inventory containing six thirteen-item scales corresponding to
the six Holland work-environment types. The PCI is the only psy-
chometric device for classifying work environments using the Hol-
land system. Earlier systems by Astin and others required taking a
census of inhabitant types or majors in an environment as a mea-
sure of the nature of that environment. The manual (Gottfredson
& Holland, 1991) is clear, practical, and concise. Correlations be-
tween supervisor and employee ratings of the same jobs using the
HOLLAND’S THEORY 391