Empirical Research on Holland’s Theory
The body of evidence testing Holland’s theory is now so large that
only a selective review is possible in the limited space allocated here.
We urge the reader to consult the numerous independent reviews
(Spokane et al., 2001; Tinsley, 2000; Walsh, Craik, & Price, 1992) or,
better still, to consult the original material before passing judgment
on the weight of this evidence. Although the empirical evidence doc-
umenting the six Holland types is large and supportive, the evidence
on the environmental types is more scant (Gottfredson & Richards,
1999).
There remain several scientific controversies, as reflected in the
research literature, that occupy most of the scholarly attention
devoted to the theory. Four of these controversies are still actively
pursued:
Is there a consistent relationship between congruence and
vocational outcomes?
Are interests and personality unique constructs?
What is the underlying structural organization (shape) of
interests?
Are the theory and its constructs, measures, and
interventions valid outside of Western cultures and
subcultures?Whatever one’s theoretical inclination or conclusions on these
issues, the scientific process and argumentation about these crucial
issues underscores the theory’s enormous heuristic value and is a
tribute to the serious regard accorded the theory by scholars.
Research on the Six Holland Types
A detailed review of studies of the six types can be found in Holland
(1997). In general, studies support the existence of a limited set of
vocational personality types and a unique pattern of competencies,
394 CAREER CHOICE AND DEVELOPMENT