The Economist December 18th 2021 49
Business
Containershipping
All at sea
F
ather christmasand the global con
tainershipping industry have similar
objectives, though the timescales differ.
Santa’s worldspanning logistics operation
aims to deliver presents all in one night.
Shipping firms step theirs up around Sep
tember to ensure that gifts and other sea
sonal goods join a vast global supply chain.
But a system that usually operates un
noticed (and unremarked upon) is still in
chaos. For months a covidinduced mael
strom of delays and skyhigh shipping
rates has left goods lingering at sea and
shop shelves bare around the world. Politi
cians insist that the snarls will disappear.
But survey the horizon and there is little
sign of smoother sailing.
The pandemic has hit shipping firms’
operations along the supply chain. Labour
shortages have been worsened by workers
forced to isolate. China’s zerotolerance
measures have closed port terminals after
the discovery of one or two covid19 cases.
The spread there of the new Omicron var
iant makes more closures likely. But the
most significant impact of the pandemic
has been to ignite demand for goods from
selfisolating shoppers, particularly Amer
icans eager to buy Chinese products using
stimulus money. The value of merchan
dise goods exported from China to Ameri
ca was 5% greater in the first six months of
2021 compared with 2019, before the pan
demic. In September and October it was
19% higher than two years earlier.
The result is that shipping rates are not
coming back to earth. A set of benchmark
spot rates from Freightos, a digital freight
marketplace, between China and Ameri
ca’s west coast are below a recent peak. But
at around $15,000 per feu(40foot equiva
lent unit), they are ten times prepandemic
levels (see chart 1 on next page). The out
size appetite for goods in America has had
a knockon effect elsewhere. A shortage of
vessels, drawn by high rates to the trans
pacific routes, has pushed the cost of send
ing boxes between China and Europe to re
cord levels. That raises costs for businesses
that rely on shipping firms. Small items
such as smartphones or sports shoes can
be packed by the tens of thousands into a
container. But a rough estimate of the aver
age value of goods in a box travelling be
tween China and America is around
$50,000. Another $15,000 makes a signifi
cant difference.
To eyewatering costs add lengthy de
lays. Ports, unused to such volumes of traf
fic, face long queues of ships waiting
weeks to unload. In a system already
stretched to the limit by lack of lorry driv
ers and warehouse space, up to 15% of the
global container fleet is currently sitting at
anchor outside the world’s ports.
Apparent signs of improvement are il
lusory. A widely watched indicator, the ar
mada waiting to offload goods at the twin
ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach,
America’s main entry points for Chinese
imports, now numbers some 3040 ves
sels, down from 7080 in October. How
ever, that is mostly because a recent
change to the queuing system means that
ships are now asked to wait far out at sea
(some even linger off the Chinese coast).
The real queue is over 100 ships.
Relief from this congestion does not
look imminent, and the longer it builds the
Long delays and high costs will not abate soon
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