The Economist December 18th 2021 Holiday specials 35
theideaofeurope
In the
summer of
1896 a carriage
pulled into
the town of
Ronsperg in
western
Bohemia...
...carrying the new mistress of the castle, a young Jap
anese woman trained as a geisha who by virtue of her
marriage one year earlier to a progressive AustroHun
garian diplomat had become Countess Mitsuko von
CoudenhoveKalergi. Her husband Heinrich had ac
companied her on the long voyage by steamboat and
train, having given up his post in Tokyo to come home
and raise his sons. They had arrived in Ronsperg earli
er, sent ahead with their nursemaids and Heinrich’s
faithful Armenian manservant, Babik. The elder boy,
twoyearold Hansi, would eventually inherit the cas
tle and be jailed for cooperating with the Nazis. The
younger, 18monthold Richard, would become a fa
ther of the European Union.
Ronsperg is recorded in 14thcentury documents as
a Czech village, Pobezovice, but by the 1890s it was Ger
manspeaking, with a Yiddishspeaking Jewish mi
nority. The carriage rode uphill past the synagogue and
the church to the castle, a Gothic fortress remodelled
during the 17th century into a Baroque chateau.
Mounting the steps Mitsuko looked out over orchards
and farms to the hills on the Bavarian border, with the
family hunting lodge hidden in the trees.
It would prove a difficult home for Mitsuko. She
initially spoke limited German and suspected the lo
cals were mocking her. But for Richard, childhood in
Ronsperg was “paradise”, he later wrote. He lost him
self in the library of his father, who was studying phi
losophy and writing articles denouncing antiSemi
tism and duelling. The castle swarmed with exotic
guests: Japanese diplomats, Jesuits, a rabbi and a Mus
lim scholar. CoudenhoveKalergi credited Ronsperg
with forming his worldview. Alongside his studies at
Vienna’s Theresianum, the school of the AustroHun
garian ruling class, it taught him that “nationalism
was not a problem of blood or race but of education”.
Few Europeans remember Richard Coudenhove
Kalergi. But as Martyn Bond argues in a new biography,
he deserves as much credit as anyone for creating the
eu. In 1923 he wrote a bestselling book, “PanEuropa”,
advocating a United States of Europe. He launched a
movement, the Paneuropean Union, which soon had
thousands of members, including Albert Einstein and
Thomas Mann. Adolf Hitler referred to him as “that
cosmopolitan bastard”. He was probably the model for
Victor Laszlo, the activist fleeing the Nazis in “Casa
blanca”. He counselled Winston Churchill and Charles
de Gaulle on creating a European federation, and pro
posed Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” as its anthem.
Yet today his name is best known on the paranoid
right. Over the past decade and a half, xenophobic
nationalist groups all across Europe have put him at
the centre of their conspiracy theories. Seizing on pre
dictions he made of rising migration and intermar
riage, they have imagined a secret “Kalergi plan” com
prising the eu’s real mission: to destroy European na
tions through miscegenation.
Ask antiimmigrant militia leaders in Bulgaria why
refugees are crossing from Turkey, and you will hear it
is part of the Kalergi plan. Candidates standing for the
For Britain Movement, an insignificant political party,
fulminate about the Kalergi plan for white genocide.
In Italy the Kalergi plan is a hobby horse of neofascist
groups. And in the Czech Republic, where Ronsperg is
known again as Pobezovice, the most important far
right politician frowns at CoudenhoveKalergi’s name.
He represents “exactly what we don’t want,” says the
P OBEZOVICE
Two men, a century apart, vie for Europe’s future