The Economist December 18th 2021 Holiday specials 51
cryptocurrencies
R IDE TO
F REEDOM
T
he hong kongden of ftx, a cryptocurrency ex
change, is where high finance meets teenage
chaos. It is 7.30pm and staffers in shorts and Tshirts
are still arriving for work, slaloming among desks fit
ted with six screens each. Booze, boxes and general
junk, from guitars to badminton shuttles, lie every
where. A buffet of delivery food tempts the peckish;
traders and developers face off on wooden chess
boards. Art casting Sam BankmanFried, ftx’s foun
der, as the King of Clubs or Uncle Sam in the trenches
adorns the walls. When bitcoin prices are booming,
poker tournaments often take place in a cluttered
meeting room (tonight the house is closed).
Twoyearold ftxis the hottest firm in crypto. In
October it raised $420m from star investors including
BlackRock, the world’s largest asset manager, and Se
quoia, a giant of venture capital, which valued ftxat
$25bn—just three months after the previous funding
round had valued it at $18bn. Its name graces the home
arena of America’s Miami Heat basketball team, the
uniforms of elite baseball umpires and appears on Su
per Bowl ads following a series of sponsorship deals
worth hundreds of millions of dollars signed in 2021. It
will soon be emblazoned on the Mercedes Formula
One team’s cars and drivers’ overalls, too. It is stealing
market share from rival exchanges and now consis
tently ranks in the top four. Mr BankmanFried,
known in the trade as SBF, has a net worth estimated at
more than $22bn. He is just 29 years old.
The whizzkid is one of four main players in an epic
contest to rule a universe that has grown 12fold in
total market value, to $2.3trn (as of midDecember
2021), since the start of 2020. He is taking some shine
off Changpeng Zhao, the ChineseCanadian boss of Bi
nance, the largest cryptoexchange (who, at 44, is the
oldest of the four). Mr Zhao, who goes by CZ, himself
three years ago dethroned Arthur Hayes, the African
American cofounder of Bitmex, which pioneered the
most popular—and riskiest—products in crypto. Brian
Armstrong, the introverted, unflappable ceoof Coin
base, the only exchange listed and regulated in Amer
ica, is playing the long game, hoping that being the
most aboveboard will help lure punters wary of trad
ing through lesspoliced offshore exchanges.
All four have amassed multibilliondollar for
tunes, and huge influence, in just a few years. In con
ventional finance, where money is commonly bor
rowed, spent or saved, the most powerful intermediar
ies are bankers, payment firms and asset managers.
But private currencies today are mostly used to specu
late, which makes exchange bosses, who provide punt
ers with the tools and venues to trade, the kings of a
world whose raison d’être, paradoxically, is to do away
with mighty middlemen.
Crypto’s demigods are ambivalent for other rea
sons. They argue that regulation is not a threat, yet
most hop from one lenient base to the next when local
watchdogs start to growl. Some outsiders doubt their
sincerity; others attribute their success to timing rath
er than entrepreneurial vision. Believers marvel at
their skill in riding wildly gyrating markets, though
some wonder how long they can keep doing it. Little is
known about their personal lives, beliefs and aspira
tions. Through interviews with three of the founders,
as well as insiders, The Economistgot a sense of what it
takes to be the most powerful people in crypto—and
what they may leave behind once gone. Mr Hayes, who
Under the hoodie of the most powerful people in crypto