describe new writing that rejects traditional
approaches to literature in favor of innova-
tions in style or content.B
Ballad:A short poem that tells a simple story and
has a repeated refrain. Ballads were origi-
nally intended to be sung. Early ballads,
known as folk ballads, were passed down
through generations, so their authors are
often unknown. Later ballads composed by
known authors are called literary ballads.
Baroque:A term used in literary criticism to
describe literature that is complex or ornate
in style or diction. Baroque works typically
express tension, anxiety, and violent emotion.
The term ‘‘Baroque Age’’ designates a period
in Western European literature beginning in
the late sixteenth century and ending about
one hundred years later. Works of this period
often mirror the qualities of works more gen-
erally associated with the label ‘‘baroque’’ and
sometimes feature elaborate conceits.
Baroque Age:SeeBaroque
Baroque Period:SeeBaroque
Beat Generation:SeeBeat Movement
Beat Movement:A period featuring a group of
American poets and novelists of the 1950s
and 1960s—including Jack Kerouac, Allen
Ginsberg, Gregory Corso, William S. Bur-
roughs, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti—who
rejected established social and literary val-
ues. Using such techniques as stream of con-
sciousness writing and jazz-influenced free
verse and focusing on unusual or abnormal
states of mind—generated by religious
ecstasy or the use of drugs—the Beat writers
aimed to create works that were unconven-
tional in both form and subject matter.
Beat Poets:SeeBeat Movement
Beats, The:SeeBeat Movement
Belles- lettres:A French term meaning ‘‘fine let-
ters’’ or ‘‘beautiful writing.’’ It is often used
as a synonym for literature, typically refer-
ring to imaginative and artistic rather than
scientific or expository writing. Current
usage sometimes restricts the meaning to
light or humorous writing and appreciative
essays about literature.
Black Aesthetic Movement:A period of artistic
and literary development among African
Americans in the 1960s and early 1970s.
This was the first major African-American
artistic movement since the Harlem Renais-
sance and was closely paralleled by the civil
rights and black power movements. The
black aesthetic writers attempted to produce
works of art that would be meaningful to the
black masses. Key figures in black aesthetics
included one of its founders, poet and play-
wright Amiri Baraka, formerly known as
LeRoi Jones; poet and essayist Haki R.
Madhubuti, formerly Don L. Lee; poet and
playwright Sonia Sanchez; and dramatist Ed
Bullins.
Black Arts Movement: See Black Aesthetic
Movement
Black Comedy:SeeBlack Humor
Black Humor:Writing that places grotesque ele-
ments side by side with humorous ones in an
attempt to shock the reader, forcing him or
her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a
disordered world.
Black Mountain School:Black Mountain College
and three of its instructors—Robert Creeley,
Robert Duncan, and Charles Olson—were
all influential in projective verse, so poets
working in projective verse are now referred
as members of the Black Mountain school.
Blank Verse:Loosely, any unrhymed poetry, but
more generally, unrhymed iambic pentam-
eter verse (composed of lines of five two-
syllable feet with the first syllable accented,
the second unaccented). Blank verse has
been used by poets since the Renaissance
for its flexibility and its graceful, dignified
tone.
Bloomsbury Group:A group of English writers,
artists, and intellectuals who held informal
artistic and philosophical discussions in
Bloomsbury, a district of London, from
around 1907 to the early 1930s. The Blooms-
bury Group held no uniform philosophical
beliefs but did commonly express an aver-
sion to moral prudery and a desire for
greater social tolerance.
Bon Mot:A French term meaning ‘‘good word.’’
A bon mot is a witty remark or clever
observation.
Breath Verse:SeeProjective Verse
Burlesque:Any literary work that uses exaggera-
tion to make its subject appear ridiculous,
either by treating a trivial subject withGlossary of Literary Terms