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Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine

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  • Chapter 1 Structure of Matter Preface vii

    • Matter and Energy

      • Radiation



    • The Atom

      • Electronic Structure of the Atom

      • Structure of the Nucleus

      • Nuclear Binding Energy



    • Nuclear Nomenclature

    • Chart of the Nuclides

    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 2 Radioactive Decay

    • Spontaneous Fission

    • Isomeric Transition

      • Gamma (g)-Ray Emission

      • Internal Conversion



    • Alpha (a)-Decay

    • Beta (b−)-Decay

    • Positron (b+)-Decay

    • Electron Capture

    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay

    • Radioactive Decay Equations

      • General Equation

      • Half-Life

      • Mean Life

      • Effective Half-life



    • Units of Radioactivity

    • Specific Activity

    • Calculation

    • Successive Decay Equations

      • General Equation

      • Transient Equilibrium

      • Secular Equilibrium



    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 4 Statistics of Radiation Counting

    • Error, Accuracy, and Precision

    • Mean and Standard Deviation

      • Gaussian Distribution



    • Standard Deviation of Count Rates

    • Propagation of Errors

    • Chi-Square Test

    • Minimum Detectable Activity

    • Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests

    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 5 Production of Radionuclides

    • Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides

    • Reactor-Produced Radionuclides

      • Fission or (n,f) Reaction

      • Neutron Capture or (n,g) Reaction



    • Target and Its Processing

    • Equation for Production of Radionuclides

    • Radionuclide Generators

      • 99 Mo–99mTc Generator



    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 6 Interaction of Radiation with Matter

    • Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter

      • Specific Ionization

      • Linear Energy Transfer

      • Range

      • Bremsstrahlung

      • Annihilation



    • Interaction of g-Radiations with Matter

      • Mechanism of Interaction of g-Radiations

      • Attenuation of g-Radiations



    • Interaction of Neutrons with Matter

    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 7 Gas-Filled Detectors

    • Principles of Gas-Filled Detectors

    • Ionization Chambers

      • Cutie Pie Survey Meter

      • Dose Calibrator

      • Pocket Dosimeter



    • Geiger–Müller Counters

    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 8 Scintillation and Semiconductor Detectors

    • Scintillation Detectors

      • Solid Scintillation Detectors

      • Semiconductor Detectors



    • Solid Scintillation Counters

      • NaI(Tl) Detector

      • Photomultiplier Tube

      • Preamplifier

      • Linear Amplifier

      • Pulse-Height Analyzer

      • Display or Storage



    • Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

      • Photopeak

      • Compton Valley, Edge, and Plateau

      • Characteristic X-Ray Peak

      • Backscatter Peak

      • Iodine Escape Peak

      • Annihilation Peak

      • Coincidence Peak



    • Liquid Scintillation Counters

    • Characteristics of Counting Systems

      • Energy Resolution

      • Detection Efficiency

      • Dead Time



    • Gamma Well Counters

      • Calibration of Well Counters

      • Counting in Well Counters

      • Effects of Sample Volume



    • Thyroid Probe

      • Thyroid Uptake Measurement



    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 9 Gamma Cameras

    • Gamma Cameras

      • Principles of Operation

      • Detector

      • Collimator

      • Photomultiplier Tube

      • X-,Y-Positioning Circuit

      • Pulse-Height Analyzer

      • Display and Storage



    • Digital Cameras

    • Solid State Digital Cameras

    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 10 Performance Parameters of Gamma Cameras

    • Spatial Resolution

      • Intrinsic Resolution

      • Collimator Resolution

      • Scatter Resolution



    • Evaluation of Spatial Resolution

      • Bar Phantom

      • Line-Spread Function

      • Modular Transfer Function



    • Sensitivity

      • Collimator Efficiency



    • Uniformity

      • Pulse–Height Variation

      • Nonlinearity

      • Edge Packing



    • Gamma Camera Tuning

    • Effects of High Counting Rates

    • Contrast

    • Quality Control Tests for Gamma Cameras

      • Daily Checks

      • Weekly Checks

      • Annual or As-Needed Checks



    • Questions

    • References and Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 11 Digital Computers in Nuclear Medicine

    • Basics of a Computer

      • Central Processing Unit

      • Computer Memory

      • External Storage Devices

      • Input/Output Devices

      • Operation of a Computer

      • Digitization of Analog Data

      • Digital-to-Analog Conversion

      • Digital Images



    • Application of Computers in Nuclear Medicine

      • Digital Data Acquisition

      • Static Study

      • Dynamic Study

      • Gated Study

      • Reconstruction of Images

      • Superimposition and Subtraction of Images

      • Display

      • Software and DICOM

      • PACS



    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 12 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

    • Tomographic Imaging

    • Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

      • Data Acquisition

      • Image Reconstruction

      • SPECT/CT

      • Factors Affecting SPECT



    • Performance of SPECT Cameras

      • Spatial Resolution

      • Sensitivity

      • Other Parameters



    • Quality Control Tests for SPECT Cameras

      • Daily Tests

      • Weekly Tests



    • Quality Control Tests for CT Scanners

    • Questions

    • References and Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 13 Position Emission Tomography

    • Positron-Emitting Radionuclides

    • Detector for PET

    • PM Tubes and Pulse-Height Analyzers

    • PET Scanners

      • Block Detectors

      • Coincidence Timing Window



    • PET/CT Scanners

    • Mobile PET or PET/CT

    • Micro-PET

    • Hybrid Gamma Cameras

    • Data Acquisition

      • Acquisition Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Data



    • Image Reconstruction

    • Factors Affecting PET

      • Normalization

      • Photon Attenuation Correction

      • Random Coincidences

      • Scatter Coincidences

      • Dead Time

      • Radial Elongation



    • Performance of PET Scanners

      • Spatial Resolution

      • Sensitivity

      • Noise Equivalent Count Rate



    • Quality Control Tests for PET Scanners

      • Daily Tests

      • Weekly Tests



    • Questions

    • References and Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 14 Internal Radiation Dosimetry

    • Radiation Units

    • Dose Calculation

      • Radiation Dose Rate

      • Cumulative Radiation Dose

      • Radiation Dose in SI Units



    • Effective Dose Equivalent and Effective Dose

    • Pediatric Dosages

    • Questions

    • Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 15 Radiation Biology

    • The Cell

    • Effects of Radiation

      • DNA Molecule

      • Chromosome



    • Direct and Indirect Actions of Radiation

    • Radiosensitivity of Cells

    • Cell Survival Curves

    • Factors Affecting Radiosensitivity

      • Dose Rate

      • Linear Energy Transfer

      • Chemicals

      • Stage of Cell Cycle



    • Classification of Radiation Damage

    • Stochastic and Deterministic Effects

    • Acute Effects of Total Body Irradiation

      • Hemopoietic Syndrome

      • Gastrointestinal Syndrome

      • Cerebrovasculor Syndrome



    • Long-Term Effects of Radiation

      • Somatic Effects

      • Genetic Effects

      • Nuclear Medicine Risk Versus Benefit in Diagnostic Radiology and



    • Risk to Pregnant Women

    • Dirty Bombs

      • Types of Radiation Exposure

        • a Dirty Bomb Protective Measures in Case of Explosion of





    • Verification Card for Radioactive Patients

    • Radiation Phobia

    • Questions

    • References and Suggested Readings



  • Chapter 16 Radiation Regulations and Protection

    • Sources of Radiation Exposure

    • License

    • Radiation Protection

      • Definition of Terms

      • Caution Signs and Labels

      • Occupational Dose Limits

      • ALARA Program

      • Principles of Radiation Protection

      • Personnel Monitoring

      • Dos and Don’ts in Radiation Protection Practice

      • Bioassay

      • Receiving and Monitoring Radioactive Packages

      • Radioactive Waste Disposal

      • Radioactive Spill

      • Recordkeeping



    • Medical Uses of Radioactive Materials

      • Applications, Amendments, and Notifications

      • Authority and Responsibilities of the Licensee

      • Supervision

      • Mobile Nuclear Medicine Service

      • Written Directives

      • Measurement of Dosages



    • Calibration, Transmission, and Reference Sources

    • Requirement for Possession of Sealed Sources

    • Labeling of Vials and Syringes

    • Surveys of Ambient Radiation Exposure Rate

    • Calibration of Survey Instruments

      • By-Product Materials Training and Experience Requirements for Medical Uses of



    • Report and Notification of a Medical Event

      • Nursing Child Report and Notification of a Dose to an Embryo/Fetus or a

      • Radiopharmaceuticals Release of Patients Administered with



    • Recordkeeping



  • Transportation of Radioactive Materials

  • European Regulations Governing Radiopharmaceuticals

  • Questions

  • References and Suggested Readings

  • Appendix A Units and Constants

  • Appendix B Terms Used in Texts

  • Appendix C Answers to Questions

  • Index

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