The ground temperature around the pile in a heat extraction system using brine will
be lowered by around 5 C, and there is no evidence that the shaft resistance and bearing
capacity of the pile are affected by the heat transfer process in this case. Also any temperature-
induced settlement/heave is likely to be less than the displacements due to the applied loads
on the foundations. If excessive heat is extracted using a lower temperature refrigerant as the
absorber, temperature around the foundation can drop to near freezing.
The piling technique necessary for the installation of energy piles may not be the most cost-
effective for the ground conditions, but depending on energy prices, climatic conditions and
the type of building, pay-back for the higher initial cost in terms of energy saving is estimated
to be between 2 and 10 years. Development of CFA and vibro-concrete piles to accommodate
more robust heat transfer systems could provide more economical energy piles.
9.9 References
9.1 BARKAN, D. D. Dynamics of bases and foundations(Translated from the Russian), McCraw-Hill
Book Co. 1962.
9.2 HSIEH, T. K. Foundation vibrations, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 22, June
1962, pp. 211–26.
9.3 WHITMAN, R. V. and RICHART, F. E. Design procedures for dynamically loaded foundations,
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 93, No. SM6, November 1967,
pp. 169–93.
9.4 RICHART, F. E., HALL, F. R., and WOODS, R. D. Vibrations of Soils and Foundations, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 1970.
9.5 IRISH, K. and WALKER, W. P. Foundations for reciprocating machines, Concrete, October 1967,
pp. 327–37.
9.6 Foundations for Dynamic Equipment. American Concrete Institute, Report ACI351.3R-04, 2004.
9.7 LIZZI, F. Pali radice and reticulated pali radice, Micropiling, Underpinning, Thorburn, S. and
Hutchison, J. N. (eds), Surrey University Press, 1985, pp. 84–161.
9.8 PRICE, D. G., MALKIN, A. B., and KNILL, J. L. Foundations of multi-storey blocks on the Coal
Measures with special reference to old mineworkings, Quarterly Journal of Engineering
Geology, Vol. 1, No. 4, June 1969.
9.9 ANDERSON, D. M. and MORGENSTERN, N. R. Physics, chemistry and mechanics of frozen ground,
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Permafrost, National Academy of Sciences,
Washington DC, 1973.
9.10ANDERSLAND, O. B. and LADANYI, B.Frozen Ground Engineering 2nd Edition. ACSE Press and
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.
9.11TSYTOVICH, N. A. Permafrost in the USSR as foundations for structures, Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference, ISSMFE, Montreal, Vol. 3, 1965, pp. 155–67.
9.12PENNER, E. and IRWIN, W. W. Adfreezing of Leda Clay to anchored footing columns, Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, August 1969, pp. 327–37.
9.13PENNER, E. and GOLD, L. W. Transfer of heavy forces by adfreezing to columns and foundation
walls in frost-susceptible soils, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, November 1971,
pp. 514–26.
9.14KINOSHITA, S. and ONO, T. Heavy forces on frozen ground, Low Temperature Science Laboratory,
Teron, Kagaka, Serial A, 21, 1963, pp. 117–39. (Translated by National Science Library,
National Research Council, Ottawa, Translation No. TT 1246, 1966.)
9.15DALMATOV, B. L. Effect of frost-heaving on foundation of structures, Gosizid literatuy po streitch
stuv i architektur, Leningrad-Moscow, 1957.
9.16PENNER, E. Frost heaving forces in Leda Clay, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1,
February 1970, pp. 8–16.
Miscellaneous piling problems 475