Highway Engineering

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with the surface. The required macrotexture of the surface is achieved by wire-
brushing or grooving.
Wire-brushing is done either manually or mechanically from a skewed travel-
ling bridge moving along the line of the pavement. The wire brush is usually a
minimum of 450 mm long. Grooving is done using a vibrating plate moving
across the width of the finished pavement slab forming random grooves. They
have a nominal size of 6 mm by 6 mm, providing excellent surface water drainage
properties. A high level of wet-road skid resistance is obtained by deep groov-
ing, but problems may arise with higher tyre noise.

7.8 References,


Black, W.P.M. & Lister, N.W. (1979) The strength of clay fill subgrades: its prediction in
relation to road performance. Department of the Environment, Department of Trans-
port. TRRL Report LR 889. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne,
UK.
BSI (1984) BS 434 Parts 1 and 2 Bitumen Road Emulsions (Anionic and Cationic). British
Standards Institution, London.
BSI (1990a) BS 1377 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. British Stan-
dards Institution, London.
BSI (1990b) BS 3690 Part 1 Bitumens for Building and Civil Engineering: Specification for
Bitumens for Roads and Other Paved Areas. British Standards Institution, London.
BSI (1992) BS 594 Hot rolled asphalt for roads and other paved areas. British Standards
Institution, London.
DoT (1994) Foundations, HD 25/94.Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 7:
Pavement Design and Maintenance.The Stationery Office, London, UK.
DoT (1996) Traffic Assessment, HD 24/96.Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume
7: Pavement Design and Maintenance. The Stationery Office, London, UK.
DoT (1999) General Information, HD 23/99.Design Manual for Roads and Bridges,
Volume 7: Pavement Design and Maintenance. The Stationery Office, London, UK.
DoT (2001) Pavement design and construction, HD 26/01.Design Manual for Roads and
Bridges, Volume 7: Pavement Design and Maintenance. The Stationery Office, London,
UK.
O’Flaherty, C.A. (2002) Highways: The location, design, construction and maintenance of
pavements. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
Specification for Highway Works. London: HMSO, 1998.

228 Highway Engineering

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