415are found in Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease than in other diseases. However, this test does
not replace brain biopsy for defi nitive diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Several commercial ELISA assays are available for S-100 protein and are useful
biochemical markers for the early assessment of cerebral infarction by the quantita-
tive determination of serum S-100. Undetectable S-100 in the blood of patients with
head injury can rule out brain damage, and S-100 levels correlate with the extent of
brain damage in severe head injury. Peak levels of serum S-100 correlate with neu-
rologic defi cit resulting from either stroke or traumatic brain injury, and the patterns
can be used to differentiate between the two conditions. Undetectable serum level
of S-100 protein predicts normal intracranial fi ndings on CT scan in patients with
traumatic brain injury. Determination of S-100 protein in serum may be used to
select patients for CT scanning.
Elevated serum levels of S-100 in patients with liver cirrhosis indicate early and
subclinical portal-systemic encephalopathy. It seems to be a promising biochemical sur-
rogate marker for mild cognitive impairments due to portal-systemic encephalopathy.
Neuron-Specifi c Enolase This is a glycolytic enzyme found in the neurons and
neuroendocrine cells. Increased levels of neuron-specifi c enolase have been
measured as a result of ischemic stroke in cerebral spinal fl uid as well as in blood.
Table 12.2 Disease-specifi c proteins in CSF of patients with neurologic disorders
Proteins Diseases
Tau proteins Alzheimer disease
Parkinson disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
AIDS encephalopathy
Alcohol-induced organic brain disorders
14-3-3 protein Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Dopamine-releasing protein Parkinson disease
Neurofi lament protein Multiple sclerosis
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Myelin basic protein Multiple sclerosis
Optic neuritis
Neuron-specifi c enolase Cerebral infarction
Temporal lobe epilepsy
S-100 protein Cerebral infarction
Traumatic central nervous system injury
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Glial fi brillary acidic protein Severe neurodegeneration
Apolipoprotein D Alzheimer disease
Traumatic brain injury
Apolipoprotein E Alzheimer disease
Synaptosomal-associated protein Alzheimer disease
Amyloid precursor proteins Alzheimer disease
Group box protein-1 Subarachnoid hemorrhage
© Jain PharmaBiotechNeuroproteomics