Textbook of Personalized Medicine - Second Edition [2015]

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There is ample scope for penetration by new products with a benign side effect pro-
fi le and/or higher effectiveness. Several new drugs are in development but there is
still need for better drugs and strategies to overcome drug resistance.
Study of multidrug transporters is a fruitful area of epilepsy research. The knowl-
edge that multidrug transporters are increased in epileptogenic areas opens potential
new avenues for therapeutic intervention. Drugs can be developed to inhibit or
bypass overexpressed transporters or implantable devices can be used to deliver
high concentrations of drugs directly into the epileptogenic brain parenchyma.
Initial studies have focused on genes whose products play a putatively important
role in AED pharmacology, particularly drug transporter proteins, drug metaboliz-
ing enzymes and ion channel subunits. However, there is a lack of good correspon-
dence between results from different laboratories, and more recent fi ndings are
awaiting attempts at confi rmation. Thus, there are currently no AED treatment

History, examination and

routine neurodiagnostics

Surgery: Patient with

seizures due to excisable

epileptic focus or benign

brain tumor or other lesion

Epilepsy

Supplement treatment of

residual seizures with AEDs

as required and monitor

Classify epilepsy

or syndrome

Selection of appropriate AEDs

Adequate

control

Inadequate

control of

seizures

Serious ADR

Reassess, special tests: Continue treatment & monitor

genotyping, proteomics,

biomarkers, metabolomics

fMRI, EEG, MEG

Change AED & dosage

according to results

Improved

control of

seizures

Drug

resistance

Focal epilepsy:

Identify focus &

resectability

Generalized seizures

Reassess

Determine

cause and

change

treatment

Special procedures: vagal nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation

Predictable

Change

Drug/dose

Idiosyncratic

Reassess

Investigate

Change

reatment t

Patient with seizures

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Fig. 12.4 An algorithm for personalized management of epilepsy

12 Personalized Management of Neurological Disorders