Textbook of Personalized Medicine - Second Edition [2015]

20

Relationship of Various Technologies to Personalized Medicine

Relationship of various technologies to personalized medicine is shown in Fig. 1.1.

Conventional Medicine Versus Personalized Medicine

Conventional medicines had a start as empirical therapies. Even as mechanism-
based therapies started to develop, lack of effi cacy and adverse effects were noted
and accepted to a certain extent. Most of conventional medicines were developed as
universal drugs for a certain disease. For diseases with multiple pharmacotherapies,
the choice was usually left to the prescribing physician’s experience and prefer-
ences. With the advances in pharmacogenetics, it became obvious that something
could be done for the following problems with conventional medicines.

• Genetic variations among individuals lead to differences in response to drugs


• High percentage of lack of effi cacy with some medicines


• High incidence of adverse effects to drugs

Stratified

Clinical Trials

Point-of-care diagnostics

Early disease detection

SNP genotyping

Sensitive assays

Molecular imaging

Biochip/microfluidics

Biosensors/microarrays

Understanding of molecular pathology

Cell Therapy

Targeted Therapy & Drug Delivery

Gene Therapy, antisense & RNAi

OMICS: Genomics

Transcriptomics

Proteomics

Metabolomics

Molecular

Diagnostics

PERSONALIZED

MEDICINE

Nanobiotechnology

SYNTHETIC

BIOLOGY

Sequencing

Biomarkers

DRUGS DISCOVERY

Diagnostics+Therapeutics

SYSTEMS BIOLOGY

Translation

medicine

BIOTECH DRUGS & VACCINES

Bioinformatics

© Jain PharmaBiotech

Fig. 1.1 Relation of personalized medicine to other technologies

1 Basic Aspects