Smart Buildings Systems for Architects, Owners and Builders

The two main organization addressing codes and standards for fire alarm
systems are the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Underwri-
ters Laboratories (UL). NFPA 70, 72, and 101 address the National Electrical
Code, National Fire Alarm Code, and Life Safety Code, respectively.
The National Fire Alarm Code addresses system design, location of devices,
testing procedures, performance requirements, and maintenance procedures.
The National Electrical Code covers the equipment and wiring of fire alarm
systems. The Life Safety Code covers more than buildings per se as it identifies
construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary for life safety.
Underwriters Laboratories is an independent product safety certification
organization that tests products and writes safety standards for fire alarm sys-
tem components such as control panels, smoke detecting heads, horns, and
pull stations.
Even given their life safety nature fire alarm systems are starting to utilize
IP-based functionality and should be integrated with other systems within a
smart building. The integration to other systems plays a critical role in mini-
mizing the effects of the fire. A fire alarm system will initiate communications
to other building automation and security systems to facilitate evacuation
from the building and containment of the fire.
Such systems include the following:

n Signaling the HVAC system to restrict and contain smoke, heat and fire

through dampers and fans

n Using the access control system to clear a path for building evacuation

by opening doors, unlocking secured doors, and releasing powered

exterior doors

n Using the access control system to contain and prevent the spread of

fire and smoke by closing interior doors

n Triggering emergency power for the fire alarm system and related sys-

tems operation, exit signs, and lighting for building exit routes

n “Capturing” the elevator and shutting down its operation

The fire alarm system must communicate with and control its system com-
ponents and it must also communicate with offsite facilities and organizations
such as the fire department and emergency services. The networking of the fire
alarm system components, like other systems, is accomplished with a cable
infrastructure and communication protocols.
The reliability of a fire alarm system is partially dependent on the system
cabling. Both the National Electrical Code and NFPA have specific guidelines

104 Smart Building Systems for Architects, Owners, and Builders