- All binary compounds of Group 17 (VIIA) elements (other than F) with metals are
soluble except those of silver, mercury (I), and lead.
- All sulfates are soluble except those of barium, strontium, lead, calcium, silver, and
mercury(I).
- Except for those in Rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates
are insoluble.
- mass percent solute=total mass solutionmass solute #100%
molality=moles solutekg solvent
molarity=liter solutionmoles solute
In dilute aqueous solutions, molarity ≈molality.
M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2
- extent of solubility
- nature of solute-solvent interactions
- temperature
- pressure of gaseous solute
- Henry’s law: C= kP
where
P= partial pressure of gas solute over the solution (atm)
C= concentration of dissolved gas (mole/liter)
k = Henry’s constant (dependent on temperature, mole / L ⋅atm)
- Raoult’s law: P 1 = X 1 P 1 °
where
P 1 = vapor pressure of solvent over the solution
P 1 ° = vapor pressure of pure solvent at same temperature
X 1 = mole fraction of solvent
Solutions
