Cliffs AP Chemistry, 3rd Edition

Equations and Constants

Atomic Structure

∆Eh c== = =ννmmmvh pmv

E = energy p = momentum

ν= frequency (Greek nu) v= velocity (Italic v)

λ= wavelength m = mass

n = principal quantum number

speed of light: c = 3.00 ×l0^8 m/s

Planck’s constant: h= 6.63 × 10 –34joule ⋅s

Boltzmann’s constant: k= 1.38 × 10 –23joule/K

Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 1023 /mole

electron charge: e= −1.602 × 10 –19coulomb

1 electron volt/atom = 96.5 kilojoules/mole

Equilibrium

K K
HA

HA

B

OH HB

ab==

+- - +

6

77

6

77

@

AA

@

AA

w ,

log log

K OH H KKKat C

pH H pOH OH pH pOH

10 25

14

==^14 wab=:

=- =- = +

--%

+-

77 + ^h

77

AA

AA

pHpKKlog log
HA

A

pOH p

B

HB

=+ab=+

-+

6

7

6

7

@

A

@

A

pKa= −log Ka pKb= −log Kb

Kp= Kc(RT)∆n, where ∆n= moles product gas −moles reactant gas.

Ka(weak acid) Kp(gas pressure)

Kb(weak base) Kc(molar concentration)

Kw(water)

Part IV: AP Chemistry Practice Test