Equations and Constants
Atomic Structure
∆Eh c== = =ννmmmvh pmv
E = energy p = momentum
ν= frequency (Greek nu) v= velocity (Italic v)
λ= wavelength m = mass
n = principal quantum number
speed of light: c = 3.00 ×l0^8 m/s
Planck’s constant: h= 6.63 × 10 –34joule ⋅s
Boltzmann’s constant: k= 1.38 × 10 –23joule/K
Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 1023 /mole
electron charge: e= −1.602 × 10 –19coulomb
1 electron volt/atom = 96.5 kilojoules/mole
Equilibrium
K K
HA
HA
B
OH HB
ab==
+- - +
6
77
6
77
@
AA
@
AA
w ,
log log
K OH H KKKat C
pH H pOH OH pH pOH
10 25
14
==^14 wab=:
=- =- = +
--%
+-
77 + ^h
77
AA
AA
pHpKKlog log
HA
A
pOH p
B
HB
=+ab=+
-+
6
7
6
7
@
A
@
A
pKa= −log Ka pKb= −log Kb
Kp= Kc(RT)∆n, where ∆n= moles product gas −moles reactant gas.
Ka(weak acid) Kp(gas pressure)
Kb(weak base) Kc(molar concentration)
Kw(water)
Part IV: AP Chemistry Practice Test