Appendix C
Some Mathematical Symbols
: is by definition equal to
& is approximately equal to
! is proportional to
? infinity
* about
? goes to; approaches
Da increment ofa
da differential ofa
qa partial differential ofa
jaj absolute value ofa
f(a) a function ofa
hfðaÞi numerical average off(a)
ha^2 i^0 :^5 root-mean-square value ofa
lna natural logarithm ofa
e base of natural logarithms¼2.7183
p ¼3.1416
i ¼ffiffi
ðp
1 Þ
abi complex number
jabij¼ða^2 þb^2 Þ^0 :^5