995Chapter 26
VU Meters and Devices
by Glen Ballou
26.1 General............................................................................... 997
26.2 Standard VU Meters..................................................................... 997
26.2.1 Meter Ballistics...................................................................... 999
26.2.2 Reference Levels.................................................................... 1000
26.2.3 VU Meter Impedance................................................................ 1000
26.2.4 VU Impedance Level Correction........................................................ 1000
26.2.5 Voltages at Various Impedances........................................................ 1001
26.3 Wide-Range VU Meters................................................................. 1002
26.4 Bar Graph VU and Spectrum Analyzers.................................................... 1002
26.5 Power-Level Meters.................................................................... 1003
26.6 Power-Output Meters................................................................... 1003
26.7 Peak Program Meters.................................................................. 1003
26.7.1 DIN 45406 Standard................................................................. 1003
26.7.2 British Broadcast Standard............................................................ 1004
26.7.3 Nordic N9 Standard.................................................................. 1004
26.8 AES/EBU Digital Peak Meter............................................................. 1004
26.9 Loudness Meters....................................................................... 1005
26.10 Surround Sound Analyzer............................................................... 1006
References................................................................................ 1008