309Chapter 12
Tubes, Discrete Solid State
Devices, and Integrated Circuits
by Glen Ballou
12.1 Tubes................................................................................. 311
12.1.1 Tube Elements...................................................................... 311
12.1.2 Tube Types......................................................................... 311
12.1.3 Symbols and Base Diagrams........................................................... 311
12.1.4 Transconductance.................................................................... 312
12.1.5 Amplification Factor.................................................................. 312
12.1.6 Polarity............................................................................ 313
12.1.7 Internal Capacitance.................................................................. 313
12.1.8 Plate Resistance...................................................................... 314
12.1.9 Grid Bias........................................................................... 314
12.1.10 Plate Efficiency..................................................................... 315
12.1.11 Power Sensitivity.................................................................... 315
12.1.12 Screen Grid........................................................................ 315
12.1.13 Plate Dissipation................................................................... 315
12.1.14 Changing Parameters................................................................. 316
12.1.15 Tube Heater....................................................................... 317
12.2 Discrete Solid-State Devices............................................................... 317
12.2.1 Semiconductors..................................................................... 317
12.2.2 Diodes............................................................................. 320
12.2.3 Thyristors........................................................................... 322
12.2.4 Transistors.......................................................................... 325
12.3 Integrated Circuits....................................................................... 334
12.3.1 Monolithic Integrated Circuits.......................................................... 334
12.3.2 Hybrid Integrated Circuits............................................................. 335
12.3.3 Operational Voltage Amplifiers (Op-Amp)............................................... 335
12.3.4 Dedicated Analog Integrated Circuits for Audio Applications.................................. 340
12.3.4.1 Voltage-Controlled Amplifiers...................................................... 342
12.3.4.2 Peak, Average, and RMS Level Detection............................................. 345
12.3.4.3 Peak and Average Detection with Integrated Circuits..................................... 345
12.3.4.4 Rms Level Detection Basics........................................................ 345
12.3.4.5 Rms Level Detection ICs........................................................... 347
12.3.5 Integrated Circuit Preamplifiers......................................................... 349
12.3.5.1 transformer input microphone preamplifiers............................................ 349
12.3.5.2 Active Microphone Preamplifiers Eliminate Input Transformers............................ 3 50
12.3.5.3 The Evolution of Active Microphone Preamplifier ICs................................... 350
12.3.5.4 Integrated Circuit Mic Preamplifier Application Circuits.................................. 351