49016.6.1.2 Directivity...................................................................... 524
16.6.2 Lavalier Microphones................................................................ 527
16.6.3 Head-Worn Microphones.............................................................. 528
16.6.4 Base Station Microphones............................................................. 530
16.6.5 Differential Noise-Canceling Microphones................................................ 530
16.6.6 Controlled-Reluctance Microphones..................................................... 530
16.6.7 Handheld Entertainer Microphones...................................................... 530
16.6.8 Pressure-Gradient Condenser Microphones................................................ 531
16.6.9 Interference Tube Microphone.......................................................... 532
16.6.10 Rifle Microphones.................................................................. 537
16.6.11 Parabolic Microphones............................................................... 537
16.6.12 Zoom Microphones.................................................................. 538
16.6.12.1 Distance Factor................................................................. 539
16.6.12.2 Operation of Zoom Microphones................................................... 539
16.6.12.3 Zoom Microphone Video Camera Linkage........................................... 540
16.6.13 Automatic Microphone Systems........................................................ 540
16.6.14 PolarFlex¥ Microphone System........................................................ 540
16.7 Stereo Microphones..................................................................... 542
16.7.1 Coincident Microphones............................................................... 542
16.7.2 XY Stereo Technique................................................................. 543
16.7.3 The ORTF Technique................................................................. 544
16.7.4 The M/S Stereo Technique............................................................. 544
16.7.5 The Stereo Boom Microphone.......................................................... 548
16.7.6 SASS Microphones................................................................... 550
16.7.7 Surround Sound Microphone System..................................................... 550
16.7.7.1 Schoeps 5.1 Surround System....................................................... 550
16.7.7.2 Holophone® H2-PRO Surround Sound System......................................... 551
16.7.7.3 Holophone H4 SuperMINI Surround Sound System..................................... 553
16.8 Microphones for Binaural Recording........................................................ 553
16.8.1 Artificial Head Systems............................................................... 553
16.8.2 In the Ear Recording Microphones18.............................................................................. 555
16.9 USB Microphones...................................................................... 556
16.10 Wireless Communication Systems......................................................... 557
16.10.1 Criteria for Selecting a Wireless Microphone............................................. 558
16.10.1.1 Frequency Bands of Operation..................................................... 558
16.10.1.2 Adjustment of the System’s Operating Frequency...................................... 560
16.10.1.3 Capture Ratio and Muting......................................................... 560
16.10.1.4 RF Power Output and Receiver Sensitivity........................................... 560
16.10.1.5 Frequency Response, Dynamic Range, and Distortion................................... 560
16.10.2 Receiving Antenna Systems........................................................... 561
16.10.2.1 Antenna Placement.............................................................. 562
16.10.3 Companding....................................................................... 563
16.10.4 Waterproof Wireless Microphone Systems............................................... 563
16.11 Multichannel Wireless Microphone and Monitoring Systems.................................... 564
16.11.1 Introduction....................................................................... 564
16.11.2 Frequencies........................................................................ 564
16.11.3 Spacing........................................................................... 564
16.11.4 Frequency Deviation................................................................. 564
16.11.5 Frequency Coordination.............................................................. 565
16.11.6 Transmitter Considerations............................................................ 566