References 21mainstream approach is modeled on health service provision
similar to clinical psychology, but dealing principally with
physical health and illness. It is founded on what is termed the
•biopsychosocialŽ model. This approach is sometimes re-
ferred to as •clinical health psychology.ŽAnother approach is
modeled on community action and research and deals with the
promotion of well-being in its social and community context,
a kind of psychological health promotion. The different ap-
proaches have different philosophies, methods of working,
models of training, goals, and objectives. Up to the present, lit-
tle effort has been directed toward integrating these two ap-
proaches. Perhaps they are resistant to integration.
Professionalization in health psychology is a problematic
exercise. Some contend that it has occurred too soon, before
there is suf“cient evidence to play on the same “eld with the
•big-hittersŽ of the more established health professions
(medicine, nursing, dentistry). Others argue that it is neces-
sary to credentialize practitioners as soon as possible with
registration procedures following approval of their training
and supervised experience. Others argue that the health ser-
vice provider model limits the development of health psy-
chology. While the debate continues, education and training
programs are proceeding apace.
Training programs in the United States were established at
least 10 years earlier than in most of the rest of the world. Core
elements of health psychology competence agreed to by three
independent panels are research, consultancy, and teaching
and training. Other skills, viewed as optional by some panels
and as mandatory by others, include: interventions for individ-
uals and systems; communication skills; counseling skills;
and assessment and evaluation skills. New programs are cur-
rently being developed and it would be a valuable exercise to
evaluate progress in another decade•s time.
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