28 LL, 16 April 1904. For further discussion of these issues see Holton, Feminism and democ-
racy, Chapter 3 and K. Hunt, Equivocal feminists, the Social Democratic Federation and the
woman question 1884–1911(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996), Chapter 6.
29 LL, 23 April 1904.
30 LL, 16 April 1904.
31 LL, 18 November 1904.
32 E. Pankhurst, The political betrayal of women, LL, 27 January 1905.
33 LL, 3 February 1905.
34 EP to Mrs. Cooper, 2 February 1905, Papers of Selina Jane Cooper (1865–1946),
Lancashire Record Office, Preston. See also Liddington and Norris, One hand tied behind
us, pp. 184–7.
35 Crawford, The women’s suffrage movement, p. 503.
36 E. S. Pankhurst, TSM, p. 181.
37 EP to Mrs. Montefiore, 19 February 1905, in D. B. Montefiore, From a Victorian to a
modern(London, E. Archer, 1927), pp. 117–18.
38 E. S. Pankhurst, Emmeline Pankhurst, pp. 50–1.
39 E. Pankhurst, My own story, p. 42.
40 Early accounts by participants in both the constitutional and militant wings suggest that
the movement was in the doldrums. Strachey ‘The cause’, p. 284, stated: ‘The agitation
had been going on so long that the Press and the public were tired of hearing of it ... the
winning of the vote seemed in the early nineties to be farther away than ever before in
the history of the agitation.’ For the militant side, E.S. Pankhurst, Emmeline Pankhurst, p.
50, claimed that the movement ‘had sunk into an almost moribund coma of hopelessness’.
These assessments have recently been questioned by Rubinstein in Before the suffragettes
and especially by Holton in Suffrage daysand in her chapter on The Women’s Franchise
League, where her discussion of the tactics of the League indicates that the movement
was far from being at a standstill. See Smith, The British women’s suffrage campaign, p. 14,
for an excellent summary of these points.
41 E. S. Pankhurst, TSM, p. 182.
42 See the letters in the Clarionand LL, 21 April 1905.
43 LL, 28 April 1905.
44 E. S. Pankhurst, The suffragette, p. 14.
45 West, Mrs. Pankhurst, p. 490.
46 Mrs. Pankhurst, The defeat of the Women’s Bill, LL, 19 May 1905.
47 E. Pankhurst, My own story, p. 43.
48 Ibid., p. 43; Emmeline Pethick Lawrence to Sylvia Pankhurst, 26 December 1903, ESPA.
49 See Introduction, note 32 where I state that I shall follow Cowman’s approach, in her
thesis Engendering citizenship, where she broadens the definition of militancy to include
a breadth of actions that were about challenging views of conventional feminine
behaviour rather than just law-breaking.
50 E. Pethick-Lawrence, My part in a changing world(London, Victor Gollancz, 1938), p.
- Emmeline and Frederick Pethick Lawrence did not hyphenate their surname during
their time in the suffrage movement but afterwards, and I follow that pattern here.
51 Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy (hereafter EWEP) to Harriet McIlquham, 21 June 1905,
Letters of Mrs. E. C Wolstenholme Elmy, British Library, Add MS 47,454 Vol. VI.
52 A. Kenney, Memories of a militant(London, Edward Arnold & Co., 1924), p. 29. Annie,
born on 13 September 1879, in the village of Springhead in Lancashire, was one year
older than Christabel; E. S. Pankhurst, TSM, p. 185.
53 E. S. Pankhurst, TSM, pp. 186–7; T. J. Berry, The female suffrage movement in South
Lancashire with particular reference to Oldham 1890–1914, MA dissertation,
Huddersfield Polytechnic, May 1968, pp. 49–50; G. Mitchell (ed.), The hard way up: the
autobiography of Hannah Mitchell suffragette and rebel(London, Faber, 1968), p. 128.
NOTES