Geotechnical Engineering

DHARM

SOIL EXPLORATION 755

is dependent on a parameter called area ratio of the sampler. Thin-walled samplers are preferred

for minimising sample disturbance.

5. Penetration tests commonly used are the standard penetration test and the cone test—static or
   dynamic. The standard penetration number is correlated to the density index and friction angle
   for granular soils. The in-situ vane shear test is used to determine the in-situ shearing strength
   of clayey soils.


6. Seismic refraction and electrical resistivity are the two most popular geophysical methods of soil
   exploration. Seismic refraction method utilises the variation of the velocity of propagation of
   shock waves through various earth materials; its significant limitation is that it fails when hard
   strata overly soft strata.
   Electrical resistivity method utilises the variation of electrical resistivity with the composition
   of and presence of water in various earth materials. Wenner configuration is commonly used.
   Electrical profiling for areal coverage up to a certain depth and electrical sounding for evalua-
   tion of strata depthwise are used.

References

1. M.J. Hvorslev: Subsurface Exploration and Sampling of Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes,
   U.S. Waterways Experiment station, Vicksburg, Miss., USA, 1949.


2. IS: 1892-1979: Code of Practice for Subsurface Investigation for Foundations.


3. IS: 2131-1986: Standard Penetration Test for Soils.


4. IS: 2132-1986: Code of Practice for Thin-walled Tube Sampling of Soils.


5. IS: 4434-1978: Code of Practice for in-situ Vane Shear Test for Soils.


6. IS: 4968 (Part I)-1976: Methods for Subsurface Sounding for Soils—Dynamic Method Using 50
   mm Cone Without Bentonite Slurry.


7. IS: 4968 (Part II)-1976: Method for Subsurface Sounding for Soils—Dynamic Method Using 62.5
   mm Cone and Bentoonite Slurry.


8. IS: 4968 (Part III)-1976: Method for Subsurface Sounding for Soils—Part III Static Cone Pen-
   etration Test.


9. D.F. McCarthy: Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Reston Publishing Company,
   Reston, virginia, USA, 1977.


10. Peck, R.B., Hanson, W.E., and Thornburn, T.H., “Foundation Engineering”, John Wiley & Sons,
    NY, USA, 1974.


11. G.B. Sowers and G.F. Sowers: Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 3rd ed., Collier Macmillan Com-
    pany, Toronto, Canada, 1970.


12. K. Terzaghi and R.B. Peck: “Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice”, John Wiley & Sons, NY,
    USA, 1967.


13. M.J. Tomlinson, “Foundation Design and Construction”, Longman Scientific and Technical, U.K.,


14. 
    


15. USBR: Earth Manual, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1960.


16. R.M. Koerner: “Construction and Geotechnical Methods in Foundation Engineering”, Mc Graw-
    Hill Book Co., NY, USA, 1985.


17. R.M. Koerner and J.P. Welsh: “Construction and Geotechnical Engineering using Synthetic Fab-
    rics”, John Wiley & Sons, NY, USA, 1980.