Geotechnical Engineering

DHARM

N-GEO\APPENDIX.PM5 917

APPENDICES 917

∆σ : Increment of effective stress (Ch. 11)

δ : Angle (Ch. 9)

Angle of wall friction (Ch. 13)

Logarithmic decrement (Ch. 20)

δ′ : Angle of base friction (Ch. 13)

ε : Strain

εa : Axial strain (Ch. 8)

η : Factor of safety (Ch. 15)

Hammer efficiency (Ch. 16)

η 0 ,η 1 ,η 2 : Magnification factor (Ch. 20)

ηg : Pile group efficiency (Ch. 16)

ηo : Factor of safety against overturning (Ch. 13)

ηs : Factory of safety against sliding (Ch. 13)

ξ : Frequency ratio (Ch. 20)

θ : Angle denoting orientation of plane (Ch. 8)

Central angle of failure surface (Ch. 9)

μ : Micron (Ch. 8)

Viscosity (Ch. 5)

Coefficient of friction (Ch. 8)

μl : Viscosity of liquid (Ch. 3)

μw : Viscosity of water (Ch. 3)

ν : Kinematic viscosity (Ch. 5)

Poisson’s ratio (Ch. 10)

ω : Circular frequency/frequency of fored vibration (Ch. 20)

ωn : Natural circular frequency (Ch. 20)

ωo : Initial angular velocity after impact (Ch. 20)

π : Pi—ratio of the circumference and the diameter of a circle

λ : A constant (Ch. 20)

ρ : Mass density (Chs. 5 & 20)

Balla’s parameter (Ch. 14)

σ : Normal stress (Ch. 8)

Effective overburden pressure (Ch. 18)

σ 1 ,σ 3 : Principal stresses (Ch. 8)

σc : Allowable flexural stress for concrete (Ch. 19)

σh : Horizontal stress or lateral pressure (Ch. 13)

σp : Perimeter shear stress (Ch. 19)

σ : Effective stress (Chs. 5, 7, & 11)

σ 0 : Initial effective overburden pressure (Ch. 7)