See alsoConduct Disorder; Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised
(2nd edition) (PCL–R); Hare Psychopathy Checklist:
Screening Version (PCL:SV); Hare Psychopathy Checklist:
Youth Version (PCL:YV); Psychopathy; Risk-Sophistication-
Treatment Inventory (RSTI)Further Readings
Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity. St Louis,
MO: Mosby.
Cloninger, C. R. (1978). The antisocial personality. Hospital
Practice, 13,97–106.
Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised
(2nd ed.). Toronto, ON, Canada: Multi Health Systems.
Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up:
A sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic
personality.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Salekin, R. T. (2002). Psychopathy and therapeutic
pessimism: Clinical lore or clinical reality? Clinical
Psychology Review, 22,79–112.
Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Machin, D. (2001).
Psychopathy in youth: Pursuing diagnostic clarity.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30,173–195.
Zinger, I., & Forth, A. E. (1998). Psychopathy
and Canadian criminal proceedings: The potential
for human rights abuses. Canadian Journal of
Criminology, 40,237–276.PSYCHOPATHYCHECKLIST–REVISED
SeeHAREPSYCHOPATHYCHECKLIST–REVISED
(2ND EDITION) (PCL–R)PSYCHOPATHYCHECKLIST:
SCREENINGVERSION
SeeHAREPSYCHOPATHYCHECKLIST:SCREENING
VERSION(PCL:SV)PSYCHOPATHYCHECKLIST:
YOUTHVERSION
SeeHAREPSYCHOPATHYCHECKLIST:YOUTH
VERSION(PCL:YV)PSYCHOTICDISORDERS
The term psychosiswas first used in the medical liter-
ature by Ernest von Feuchtersleben in his textbook
Principles of Medical Psychology(1847).Originally,
the concept was defined broadly to include any impair-
ment of the higher mental functions. Starting in the
late 1800s, psychopathologists such as Emil Kraepelin,
Eugen Bleuler, and Kurt Schneider began to differen-
tiate specific psychotic disorders on the basis of their
symptomatology and course. According to contempo-
rary views, psychotic disorders are psychopathologi-
cal conditions characterized primarily by profound
disturbances in cognition, perception, emotion, and
volition that result in severe psychosocial dysfunction,
including inability to meet the demands of daily life,
and impaired reality testing.Symptomatology
Psychotic disorders comprise literally scores of symp-
toms, many of which have a variety of distinct mani-
festations. The symptoms are not specific and
occasionally can be observed in other disorders,
including cognitive disorders and mood disorders.
Psychotic symptoms can be categorized into four
broad categories, according to functional domain.Disturbances of Cognition.These can be divided into dis-
turbances of thought content (i.e., what a person thinks or
talks about) versus disturbances of thought form (i.e., the
way in which a person thinks or speaks). Symptoms
related to thought content include delusions (beliefs held
with certainty that are demonstrably false and culturally
abnormal) and ideation (overvalued beliefs). Specific
symptoms that occur with some frequency include
thought insertion (others are placing thoughts in the per-
son’s head), thought withdrawal (thoughts are being
taken out of the person’s head), thought broadcasting
(others can hear the person’s thoughts), misidentification
(others are impersonating the person’s loved ones), and
thoughts of reference (ordinary occurrences have a spe-
cial meaning or were arranged just for the person).
Disturbances of thought content are often characterized
according to thematic content (e.g., persecutory, grandiose,
erotomanic, jealous, somatic, or nihilistic) or according
to whether they are bizarre (strange and impossible,
totally implausible), fixed (stable over time), and system-
atized (complex and internally coherent).650 ———Psychotic DisordersP-Cutler (Encyc)-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:43 PM Page 650