Notes to pages 32– 35 14136 Jacob Burckhardt, The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance,
trans. James Palmes ([1867], London: Secker & Warburg;
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 3.
37 Burckhardt, The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance, 3–5,
3.
38 Jules Michelet, Histoire de France, vol. VII, La Renaisance
[1855], rev. edn (Paris: Lacroix, 1986), 10, 6.
39 Jacob Burckhardt, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (Basel:
Verlag der Schweighauser’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1860);
Engl. edn, The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy, trans.
S. G. C. Middlemore (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937).
40 Compare Paul Oskar Kristeller, On Renaissance Thought and
the Arts: Collected Essays (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1980).
41 Jacob Burckhardt, ‘The Qualifi cations of the Nineteenth
Century for the Study of History’ [1868–9], in Refl ections on
History, trans. M. D. H. (London: George Allen & Unwin,
1943), 24.
42 Burckhardt, ‘The Qualifi cations of the Nineteenth Century for
the Study of History’, 31.
43 Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle
for Life (London: John Murray, 1859); Gottfried Semper, Der
Stil in den technischen Künsten; oder, Praktische Aesthetik:
Ein Handbuch für Techniker, Künstler und Kunstfreunde, 2
vols. (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag für Kunst & Wissenschaft,
1860); Engl. edn, Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts; or,
Practical Aesthetics, trans. Harry Francis Mallgrave & Michael
Robinson (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2004).
44 The relationship between nature and architecture was subject
to sustained, culturally mediated debate in the nineteenth
century. See, for example, Léonce Reynaud, Traite d’architecture
(Paris: Carlian-Goery & Dalmont, 1858); and Paula Young
Lee’s analysis: ‘The Meaning of Molluscs: Léonce Reynaud
and the Cuvier–Geoffroy Debate of 1830, Paris’, Journal
of Architecture 3, no. 3 (Autumn 1998): 211–40. Consider,
too, Barry Bergdoll’s authoritative and nuanced synopsis of
technological, conceptual and cultural developments in
nineteenth-century architecture: European Architecture 1750–
1890 , Oxford History of Art (Oxford and New York: Oxford
University Press, 2000).
45 Compare the views of Claude Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–
1825) and his disciples, the Saint-Simonists, as summarized in
Robin Middleton, ‘The Rational Interpretations of Classicism