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252 CHAPTER 8|INTEREST GROUPS
SUMMARY
Interest groups have two types of tactics for lobbying elec-
ted offi cials. They can either attempt to infl uence politics by
taking action in Washington, or they can take action else-
where. The decision to pursue an inside or outside strategy
comes down to the interest group’s resources, and which
strategy they think will be most eff ective.
KEY TERMS
inside strategies (p. 239)
outside strategies (p. 239)
direct lobbying (p. 240)
grassroots lobbying (p. 242)
astroturf lobbying (p. 243)
501(c)(3) organization (p. 244)
political action committee (PAC) (p. 244)
527 organization (p. 244)
CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION
The chapter describes the last few decades’ signifi cant
increases in the number of interest groups and lobbyists
and in the amount spent on lobbying. What factors could
cause this increase to level off or even reverse?
PRACTICE QUIZ QUESTIONS
- Asking government offi cials to change policy in line
with the group’s goals is __.
a) revolving door lobbying
b) astroturf lobbying
c) direct lobbying
d) indirect lobbying
e) outside lobbying
7. Interest groups generally __ draft legisla-
tion; they generally __ provide testimony
before committees.
a) do; do
b) do not; do
c) do; do not
d) do not; do not
8. Directly involving interest group members in lobbying
eff orts is called __.
a) astroturf lobbying
b) grassroots lobbying
c) democratic lobbying
d) lobbying through referendum
e) inside lobbying
9. For indirect lobbying to be eff ective __.
a) only a few pieces of mail are necessary
b) mail is necessary from all over the country
c) all messages have to have exactly the same appeal
d) letters have to come from constituents
e) letters have to come from prominent offi cials
S PRACTICE ONLINE
“Big Think” video exercise: How Do You Lobby?INTEREST GROUP STRATEGIES
E Explore the ways interest groups try to infl uence government policies. Pages 239–46
d) working to achieve a desired policy goal; receiving
material goods
e) working to achieve a desired policy goal; working
with like-minded people
S PRACTICE ONLINE
“Critical Thinking ” exercise: Politics Is Everywhere–
Whom Do 527 Organizations Represent?