American Politics Today - Essentials (3rd Ed)

A36 ENDNOTES

56. Rosenberger v. University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819 (1995).


57. We will not cite all of the cases here. See Abraham and Perry,
    Freedom and the Court, Chap. 6, for a summary of cases on this
    topic, especially Tables 6.1 and 6.2.


58. Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of
    Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), 878–80. This case is
    often erroneously reported as having banned the religious use
    of peyote. In fact, the Court said, “Although it is constitution-
    ally permissible to exempt sacramental peyote use from the
    operation of drug laws, it is not constitutionally required.”


59. City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 527 (1997).


60. The court case was Cutter v. Wilkinson, No. 03-9877 (2005).
    See Linda Greenhouse, “Supreme Court Rules in Ohio Prison
    Case,” New York Times, June 1, 2005, for a discussion of the
    broader debate.


61. Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Benefi ciente Uniao Do Vegetal
    (UDV) et al., 546 U.S. 418 (2006).


62. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 290 (2008).


63. McDonald v. Chicago, 08-1521 (2010).


64. See Abraham and Perry, Freedom and the Court, Chap. 4, for a
    discussion of these cases.


65. Florence v. County of Burlington, U.S. 10-945 (2012),


66. United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. (2012).


67. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).


68. United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338 (1974).


69. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983).


70. Herring v. United States, 555 U.S.—(2009).


71. Vernonia School District v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995); Board
    of Education of Pottawatomie County v. Earls, 536 U.S. 832
    (2002).


72. Chandler v. Miller, 520 U.S. 305 (1997).


73. Leslie Cauley, “NSA Has Massive Database of Americans’
    Phone Calls,” USA Today, May 11, 2006, p. 1.


74. Lorraine Woellert and Dawn Kopecki, “The Snooping Goes
    Beyond Phone Calls,” Business Week, May 29, 2006, p. 38;
    “Data Mining: Federal Eff orts Cover a Wide Range of Uses,”
    GAO Report 04-548, May 2004, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/
    dO4548.pdf.


75. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).


76. Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000).


77. Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784 (1969).


78. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003
    (1992).


79. Kelo v. City of New London, 505 U.S. 469 (2005).


80. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932).


81. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).


82. Evitts v. Lucy, 469 U.S. 387 (1985); Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S.
    510 (2003). See Elizabeth Gable and Tyler Green, “Wiggins v.
    Smith: The Ineff ective Assistance of Counsel Standard
    Applied Twenty Years after Strickland,” Georgetown Journal
    of Legal Ethics (Summer 2004), for a discussion of many of
    these issues.


83. Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U.S. 213 (1967).


84. The law is 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1) and the ruling is Zedner v.
    United States, 05-5992 (2006).


85. Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003).


86. The Supreme Court declined to review the case in Smith v. Col-
    lin, 439 U.S. 916 (1978), which meant that the lower court rul-
    ings stood: 447 F.Supp. 676 (1978), 578 F 2d 1197 (1978). See
    Donald A. Downs, Nazis in Skokie: Freedom, Community and
    the First Amendment (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre
    Dame Press, 1985), for an excellent analysis of this important
    case.


87. Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement, 505 U.S. 123 (1992).


88. Frisby et al. v. Schultz et al., 487 U.S. 474 (1988).


89. Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697 (1931), 719–20.


90. New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971).


91. Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942).


92. Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire.


93. New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), cited in Henry
    J. Abraham and Barbara A. Perry, Freedom and the Court: Civil
    Rights and Liberties in the United States, 8th ed. (Lawrence:
    University Press of Kansas, 2003), p. 193.


94. Hustler v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988).


95. Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Con-
    sumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748 (1976); City of Cincinnati v.
    Discovery Network, Inc., et al., 507 U.S. 410 (1993).


96. Central Hudson Gas & Electric v. Public Service Commission,
    447 U.S. 557 (1980).


97. Lorillard Tobacco v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525 (2001).


98. In 1996 Congress passed the Child Pornography Prevention
    Act. This law makes the possession, production, or distribu-
    tion of child pornography a criminal off ense punishable with
    up to 15 years in jail and a fi ne. However, two parts of the
    law were struck down by the Court for being “overbroad and
    unconstitutional.” Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 353 U.S.
    234 (2002).


99. Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964).


100. Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973).


101. Reno et al. v. American Civil Liberties Union et al., 521 U.S. 844
     (1997).


102. Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, 535 U.S. 564
     (2004).


103. James Hudson, “‘A Wall of Separation,’” Library of Congress
     Information Bulletin 57, no.6 (June 1998), http://www.loc.gov/loc/
     lcib/9806/danbury.html (accessed 3/3/08).


104. Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962).


105. Wallace v. Jaff ree, 482 U.S. 38 (1985).


106. Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992); Sante Fe Independent
     School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000).


107. Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983); Jones v. Clear Creek
     Independent School, 61 LW 3819 (1993).


108. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).


109. Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984), 672–73.


110. Jeff rey Rosen, “Big Ten,” The New Republic, March 14,
     2004, p. 11.


111. Van Orden v. Perry, 03-1500 (2005); McCreary County et al. v.
     American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky, 03-1693 (2005).


112. Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn, U.S.
     Supreme Court slip. op. 09-987 and 09-991 (2011).