INDEX A65regulations and, 326–27, 444
religion and, 104
as responsible and responsive,
255–56, 267
scandals in, 266–67, 267
seniority in, 272
slavery issue and, 34–36, 34, 392
social policy formation and role of, 428,
431, 432, 462
specialization in, 271
spending by, 40, 72
staff of, 279–80
State of the Union address and,
304, 310, 311
structure of, 28, 35, 271–80
substantive representation in, 259
supermajorities in, 36
Supreme Court cases overruling acts
of, 363
term limits in, 44, 45, 78
treaty making and, 477
two-step procedure for election to,
193–94
unilateral actions and, 317–18
unitary executive theory and, 317–18
universalism in, 271
war powers of, 38–41, 60, 302–3, 317,
477–78
welfare reform and, 432, 460, 461
whip system in, 272, 274
see also House of Representatives, U.S.;
legislative branch; Senate, U.S.
”congruence and proportionality” test, 77, 78
Connecticut, 109, 116, 418
Connecticut Compromise, see Great
Compromise
consensus, 11, 171
”consent of the governed,” 29
conservatives, 12, 16, 75, 79, 81, 128, 130,
139–40, 139, 142, 204
in Supreme Court, 300, 380–81, 381
considerations, 129, 129, 138, 143
Constitution, U.S., 242, 294, 302, 304, 429,
477, 478
ambiguity of, 47, 317, 318, 319
amending of, 367
amending process of, 28, 34, 42–45, 43,
45, 46, 48, 59, 61, 94
Article I of, 40, 47, 59, 60, 61, 257
Article II of, 61
Article III of, 61, 357, 360, 372
Article IV of, 61–62
Article V of, 42–44, 61
Article VI of, 34, 60–61
Article VII of, 36
balance of national and state power in,
60–62, 64–65, 94
commerce clause of, 63–64, 65, 67,
77–78, 77, 79, 257, 405
economic interpretation of, 29–30, 29
elastic clause of, 59
electoral laws in, 33, 61, 197
enumerated powers in, 47, 47, 63, 65, 75
executive orders and, 301
executive powers clause of, 40, 47
Federalist and Antifederalist views on,
37–38
fl exibility of, 38, 47–48, 49, 97
full faith and credit clause of, 61,
62, 414
government framework in, 25, 28,
38–42, 60–62
historical context of, 25–30
implied powers in, 47
individual rights in, 24, 35, 45
infl uence on political process of, 5,
23–24, 28, 30–49
interpretation of, 23–24, 34, 40, 42,
47–48, 48, 49, 61, 63–65, 75–79,
77, 78, 91, 94, 95, 97–119, 355, 361,
365, 367
language of, 24, 34, 36, 37, 47–48, 95,
97, 106, 109, 110, 115, 116, 378, 379,
380, 382
national supremacy clause of, 34,
60–61, 63
necessary and proper clause of, 40, 47,
60, 65
opposition to, 36–38, 94
power of the purse in, 38, 40, 41
preamble of, 6–7, 8, 60
privacy rights in, 116
privileges and immunities clause of,
61–62
public opinion and, 47–48
ratifi cation of, 27, 28, 36–38, 94, 391, 392
recess appointment provision in, 300
relevance of, 42–48
signing of, 36
strict construction of, 379, 382
supremacy clause of, 359, 419
undemocratic features of, 30, 34–36, 38
vesting clause of, 298
see also Bill of Rights, U.S.;
Constitutional Convention; specifi c
amendments
Constitutional Convention, 357, 391, 396
civil liberties issue at, 37, 92
compromise at, 30–36, 34, 35, 43
confl ict at, 25–30, 33–36
economic context of, 29–30, 29
historical context of, 25–27, 26–27
political theories underlying, 27–29, 37
war powers issue at, 40
Constitution Party, 184–85
constructivism, 469, 469, 471
Consumer Products Safety Commission, 444
containment, Cold War policy of, 472–74
Continental Congress:
First, 26
Second, 25–26, 26
contractors, government, 328
contracts, government, 328
Contras, 41
contributory social policy, 450
Controlled Substances Act (1970), 81, 118
cooperative federalism, 67–72
copyrights, 38, 485, 485
Cornwallis, Charles, 27
corporate taxes, 439, 440
”corporate welfare,” 452
corporations, public opinion and, 142
cost of living adjustments (COLAs), 434
Cottonseed Payment Program, 277Council of Economic Advisors (CEA),
431, 434
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 365
Court of Federal Claims, 364
Court of International Trade, 364
courts:
abortion and, 117
allocation of power to, 35
appellate, 93, 109, 364–65, 365
cameras in, 377
circuit, 358, 364–65
civil liberties and, 91–92, 92, 93, 95, 96,
98–102, 103, 104–6, 111–13, 114–15,
118, 119
civil rights agenda advanced by, 401
civil vs. criminal cases in, 361–62, 362
in Constitution, 257
district, 358, 364, 365
economic policy and indirect role of, 433
establishment of, 59
federalism and, 61, 62, 63–64,
364–67, 365
foreign policy and role of, 478
fundamentals of, 361–64
jurisdiction of, 358, 360, 364
of original jurisdiction, 364
right to die and, 117–18
of special jurisdiction, 364
state, 367
structure of, 361, 364–67
see also judicial branch; Supreme
Court, U.S.
Craig, Larry, 267
creationism, 14
credit claiming, 263, 271
credit markets, in fi nancial crisis of 2008,
442–43, 445–48
crime, 16, 78, 110, 111, 113–16
computer, 104
gender-based, 77, 78
hate, 399, 399
punishments for, 115–16
crimes against humanity, 482
Criminal Anarchy Act (N.Y.; 1902), 95
Criminal Justice Act (1964), 115
Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia, 482
cross burning, 99, 100–101, 100
cross-ownership, 152
cruel and unusual punishment, 47–48, 48, 96,
115–16
CSPAN, 255
Cuba, 473
Cuban Americans, 395
voting history of, 16
Cuban Missile Crisis, 473
culture wars, 125, 126
political confl ict as result of, 14
Cunningham, Randy “Duke,” 267
currency, 9, 30, 38, 59, 60, 62, 63, 432, 442Daily Show, The, 147
Daschle, Tom, 300
Davids, Jon, 234
Dawson, Rosario, 397
”death panels,” 138, 143
death penalty, 47–48, 48, 96, 115–16, 130