A68 INDEX
equal time provision, 150
Era of Good Feeling, 165
Escalante River, 446
establishment clause, 104–5, 108
estate taxes, 428
ethnicity, 16, 17, 130
E*trade, 230
Europe, 8, 30, 471–73, 487
see also specifi c countries
European Union (EU), 60
Evers, Medgar, 402
Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing
Township, 96
evolution, 14
Ewing, Gary, 116
excise taxes, 439–40
exclusionary rule, 95, 111–12
executive agreement, 303–4
executive branch, 311–14, 358
allocation of power to, 6, 8, 40, 47
cabinet in, 314
checks and balances on, 41
drug testing in, 112
foreign policy and role of, 475–77
Locke’s view on, 32
media and, 102
powers allocated to, 294
social policy formation and, 428
structure of, 335–37, 335
see also president, U.S.; vice president, U.S.
Executive Offi ce of the President (EOP),
311–13, 312, 335, 337, 341, 347,
475, 477
executive orders, 301–2
civil rights and, 394, 412, 414
executive privilege, 306–8
limits of, 307, 308
Facebook, 147, 148, 149
factions, 8
causes and control of, 29, 31
see also interest groups
Fair Housing Act (1968), 412
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 77
fairness doctrine, 150
Falkland Islands, 486
Falwell, Jerry, 103
Family Leave Act (1993), 76, 77
Family Research Council, 232
”family values,” 14
Fa nnie Mae, see Federal National Mortgage
Association
FBI, see Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCC, see Federal Communications
Commission
FDA, see Food and Drug Administration
Federal Aviation Administration, 324
federal budget, 11, 475, 477
balancing of, 45, 436, 460
congressional power over, 41, 429–31,
477, 478
defi cit in, 433, 436, 437, 438, 439
mandatory vs. discretionary spending
in, 439, 440
presidential power over, 429, 432
size of, 337, 339
social policy and, 449, 452, 456–57
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
7, 3 9 9 , 399
federal civil service, 332
Federal Communications Commission (FCC),
150–52, 324
limits on running of, 344
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC), 335, 338, 436, 436
Federal Election Commission, 100, 207,
344
Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), 313, 329, 348
Hurricane Katrina and, 313, 329, 348
Federal Emergency Relief Administration,
449
Federal Employees Political Activities Act
(1993), 342
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938),
325–26
federal funds rate (FFR), 442
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
(Freddie Mac), 323–24, 445–47
Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA),
323–24, 323
federalism, 6, 8, 56–84
advantages of, 79–82, 84
assessing, 79–83
balance of power under, 34, 56–58,
60–62, 66
civil liberties and, 92–94
civil rights and, 399
coercive, 70, 72–75
competing versions of, 68–75, 70
competitive, 75, 82, 83
constitutional framework for, 34,
60–62
cooperative, 67–72, 70, 72, 75, 82
as cornerstone of political system, 79
court structure and, 364–67
disadvantages of, 82–83
dual, 64–67, 65, 70, 72, 73, 75, 360
early, 63–64
economic disparity and, 82
fi scal, 68–72, 70
ideological complexities of, 79
international forms of, 58–60
”layer cake” model of, 67, 70
”marble cake” model of, 67–68, 70
modern, 68–83
picket fence, 68, 70
sense of community under, 84
social policy impacted by, 433
see also government, federal; states
Federalist Papers, 27, 29, 37
Federa lists, 164 , 164, 165, 357
Constitutional Convention
role of, 30, 31
court stacking plan of, 359
government control by, 63, 98
separation of powers and, 37, 41, 61, 63
Federal National Mortgage Association
(Fannie Mae), 323–24, 445–47
federal preemptions, 73
Federal Register, 148, 326
Federal Reserve, 48–49, 287, 335, 336, 337,
429, 436
banking system overseen by, 440–43in economic crisis of 2008, 442–43,
445–48
political independence of, 443
Treasury Department in cooperation
with, 432
Federal Reserve Act (1913), 296, 440, 444
Federal Reserve System, 23, 432, 440–41
Federal Speedy Trial Act (1974), 115
federal spending, 426, 429, 430
Federal-State Extended Benefi ts
Program, 459
Federal-State Unemployment Compensation
Program, 459
Fed Ex, 410
Feingold, Russell, 208
FEMA, see Federal Emergency Management
Agency
feminists, feminism, 16
feudalism, 30
Fifteenth Amendment, 66, 95, 393
Fifth Amendment, 65, 65, 94, 95, 96, 97, 110,
113–14, 115, 116
fi fth party system, 164, 167–68, 169
fi ghting words, 102, 108
fi libuster, 12, 284, 371
Fillmore, Millard, 295
fi ltering, 152, 153
Financial Stability Plan, 447
Finland, 486
fi re alarm oversight, 345
First Amendment, 48, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 96,
97–109, 108, 116, 374
symbolic speech protected by, 379
First Continental Congress, 26
fi rst party system, 164–65, 164, 168
fi scal federalism, 68–72
fi scal policy, 429, 433, 437–40
see also taxes, tax policy
501(c) organizations, 244–45
501(c)3 organizations, 244
527 organizations, 170, 208, 244–45, 244, 245
campaign fi nance regulations on,
211, 244
fl ag desecration, 45, 99, 99
Flag Protection Act (1989), 99
Florida, 198, 407
jury duty in, 396
2000 election voting problems in, 184
Foley, Mark, 266–67
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 9, 13,
324, 325–26, 327–28, 329, 348
expertise in, 329
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
expertise in, 348
Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
regulation and, 327–28, 329,
330–31
food stamps program, 336, 427–28, 433, 450,
453, 459
Ford, Gerald, 202, 297, 309, 316, 474
Ford Motor Company, 288
foreclosure, 323, 323
foreign aid, 138, 486–87, 486
see also international aid
Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 475
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, 113
Foreign Miners Tax, 395