INDEX A71Human Rights Watch, 482
Hustler, 103
Idaho, 295
idealism, 469, 470–71, 470, 472, 487–88
identity politics, 130, 131–32, 134
ideolog y, 16–17
federalism and, 79, 81
inconsistency of, 16–17, 128, 129
polarization of, 139–40
political confl ict as a result of, 11, 139–40
public opinion and, 17, 126, 128, 129,
139–40
in Senate, 279
”I Have a Dream” speech, 400, 402
IHOP, 410
immigration, 16, 17, 65, 74, 129, 144, 161, 166,
260, 297, 355–56, 355, 389–90, 395,
418, 419
illegal, 419, 419, 420
reform debates on, 205, 419
impeachment, 41, 287, 318, 337
imperial judiciary, 356
implied powers, 47, 58, 63, 65
income:
inequality of, 451–52
political infl uence of, 134
racial divide in, 397
in South vs. North, 392
state diff erences in, 82–83
of women vs. men, 410, 411
income inequality, 425
income support, 459–61
income tax, 45, 439, 440
incumbency advantage, 268
incumbents, 193, 260–61
election rates of, 215–16, 215
high reelection rates of, 202, 210
permanent campaign of, 202, 202
presidential nominations of, 198, 202
retrospective evaluations of, 193,
213, 214
independent agencies, 335, 336, 336
number of employees in, 337, 338
Independent Party, 184
independents, 139, 140
candidacy of, 193
independent voters, 174
Indiana, 198
Indian Removal Act, 394
individualism, economic, 14
industrialization, 67, 295
industry, 14
infant mortality, 399
infl ation, 297, 432, 442, 454
Misery Index of unemployment and, 435
prevention of, as economic policy goal,
434–35, 436
infrastructure:
concurrent power over, 59
federal authority over, 38
federal spending on, 9, 83
In re Oliver 333 U.S. 257, 96
inside strategies, 239–42
intelligence gathering, 477
intelligent design, 14
intercontinental railroad, 395
interest groups, 10, 12, 14, 76, 84, 202, 204,
229, 231, 232
campaign ads run by, 206, 243, 245
campaign contributions by, 210, 231,
232, 243–46
defi nition of, 231
electioneering and, 244
fi nancial expenditures of, 237–39, 238,
239, 240, 245, 246, 249, 250
foreign policy and infl uence of, 478–80
as fundamental feature of democracy,
231
funding of, 235
growth in number of, 237, 250
inside lobbying strategies of, 239–42, 241
membership size and role in, 233
organizational models of, 231–33
outside lobbying strategies of, 234, 239,
242–46
political infl uence and power of, 231, 235,
246, 247, 248–49, 248, 446, 480
political parties vs., 231
public opinion and, 14, 132
regulations imposed on, 207, 236, 244
resources used by, 234–35
social policy formation and role of, 428,
433–34
staff and revolving door of, 235–37
three types of, 232
see also lobbying, lobbyists
interest rates, 429, 432, 441, 442, 443–44
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs),
59–60, 481
intergovernmental relations, 67–68
Interior Department, U.S., 335, 338, 446
Endangered Species Act and, 363
intermediate scrutiny, 98
intermediate scrutiny test, 407, 408, 408
Internal Revenue Code, 208
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 9, 185, 244,
336–37
international aid, 16, 138
see also foreign aid
International Criminal Court (ICC), 482, 482
internationalism, 469, 469, 470, 472
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 59, 402,
473, 481
international organizations, 481
International Republican Institute, 481
International Trade Commission, 485
Internet, 13, 104, 111, 133, 136, 146–50, 151,
204, 217, 444
fabricated photos on, 149
fund-raising and, 217
grassroots lobbying on, 243
information gathering and availability
as transformed by, 148–50, 154
knowledge levels in users of, 147
Medicare Prescription Drug
Benefi t and, 329
photos on, 149
questionable reliability of, 149
interrogation, 482
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 444
Interstate Commerce Commission,
296, 332, 444
Iowa, 197, 205Iran, 303
nuclear program of, 483, 485
Iranian Hostage Crisis, 316
Iraq, 304, 305, 489
democracy in, 469
Persian Gulf War and, 297
war in, 89, 316
Iraq War, 11, 149, 185, 217, 273, 317, 468, 469,
474, 476, 483, 489
funding of, 317, 478, 480
media coverage and, 152
public opinion on, 143, 144–45, 152, 215,
480, 481, 488
realist vs. idealist view on, 470–71,
487–88
troop withdrawal issue in, 478, 480
war powers and, 38, 41, 302, 303
weapons of mass destruction as motive
for, 469
Ireland, 486
isolationism, 469, 469, 470, 471
Israel, 58, 480, 482, 485, 487
issue scale, 136
Italy, 58, 486Jack in the Box, 410
Jackson, Andrew, 165, 165, 166, 258, 295
bureaucracy and, 331–32, 332
Jackson, Robert, 377
Japan, 58, 472, 482, 486
Japanese Americans, 395
internment of, 382, 395
Jay, John, 29
Jeff erson, Thomas, 33, 63, 98, 104–5, 257
compromises forged by, 295
Marbury v. Madison and, 359
Jeff erson, William, 266, 267
Jews, 101, 167, 377
Jim Crow laws, 66, 67, 393, 396
Joe Camel, 103, 103
Johnson, Andrew, 287
Johnson, Lyndon, 72, 168, 202, 275, 276, 296,
333, 432, 449–50
approval ratings of, 309
civil rights and, 296, 334, 412, 414,
416, 450
War on Poverty program of, 296, 450, 461
Joint Committee on Taxation, 277
joint committees, 277
Jones, Antoine, 111
journalists, interest groups and, 246
JP Morgan Chase, 445
judicial activism, 380, 405–7
judicial branch, 26
allocation of power to, 6, 8, 28, 35, 40,
41, 42
appointments to, 298–300, 367–72, 369,
370, 371
checks and balances on, 40–42
court fundamentals and, 361–64
court structure and, 361, 364–67
federal, development of an independent
and powerful, 357–61, 360
foreign policy and role of, 478
”imperial,” 356
infl uence on political process of, 12
see also courts; Supreme Court, U.S.