displacing native Karians; allied with Athens in the 5th c. BCE, and with the Ptolemies in
the Hellenistic era. Prosperous from fishing and trade; under Rome (by 105 BCE), variously
a ciuitas libera or foederata. PECS 105 – 106, G.S. Korrès; BAGRW 61-C4; BNP 2 (2003) 214,
H. Kalcyk.
O.
Athens/Athe ̄nai (mod. Athens; 37 ̊ 58 ’ N, 23 ̊ 43 ’ E): ancient site in a mountain-fringed
coastal plain, prosperous in the 14th c. BCE, aristocratic in the 6th c. BCE, adopted dem-
ocracy in 508 BCE, a target of the Persian invasions of 490 and 480 BCE. Founded (478
BCE), and soon dominated, the League of De ̄los, leading to conflict with Sparta, and the
Peloponnesian War (431– 404 BCE). A revived Athenian League (from 378 BCE) resulted in
the revolt of allies 357– 355 BCE. Opposed Philip II of Macedon; defeated at Khairo ̄neia
338 BCE; mostly dominated by Macedon thereafter until ca 230 BCE. Site of P’s
Academy (from ca 360 BCE), A’s Lyceum (Peripatos; from ca 335 BCE);
Z’s Stoa (from ca 310 BCE), and E’ Garden (from ca 305 BCE). Friendly or
even allied with Rome from 229 BCE, rewarded with control of De ̄los 166 BCE. Supported
M VI in 88 BCE; sacked by Sulla 86 BCE. Built up by Hadrian; sacked by the
Heruli (267 CE); resisted Alaric 396 CE; built up in the 5th c. CE; sacked by Slavs 582 CE.
PECS 106 – 110, J. Travlos; ODB 221 – 223, T.E. Gregory and N.P. Sˇevcˇenko; OCD3 203 – 205,
A.J.S. Spawforth; BAGRW 58-F2; BNP 2 (2003) 253–280, H.R. Goette and K.-W. Welwei.
Some of these ca 50 scientists may have originated elsewhere, but settled in Athens; cf.
Alexandria.
A, A, A A (?), A, A (?), A-
, A, A, A, A, -
A, A, A, A, B, D,
D, E, E, E, E, E,
H, H, H (?), I, K (A.) (?),
K, K, K, K (?), K (?), K,
K, L, M, M, M, N (?), N-
(?), N (?), N, P (?), P, P, P,
P, S, S, S, S (2?), T, T-
, X, Z (?).
Atrax (near mod. Aliphaka; 39 ̊ 34 ’ N, 22 ̊ 13 ’ E): city of Thessalia on the Peneios
upstream (west-south-west) from Larissa; resisted the army of Rome in 198 BCE, and
then (under Rome) the army of Antiokhos III in 191 BCE. PECS 110 – 111, T.S. MacKay;
BAGRW 55-C1; BNP 2 (2003) 298, H. Kramolisch.
A.
Attaleia (mod. Antalya; 36 ̊ 54 ’ N, 30 ̊ 40 ’ E): coastal city, east of Phase ̄lis, and west of
Perge ̄, founded before 150 BCE, by Attalos II, and left free in 133 BCE; under Rome from
77 BCE; greatly restored by Hadrian 130 CE. PECS 111, G.E. Bean; OCD3 211, St. Mitchell;
BAGRW 65-E4; BNP 2 (2003) 302, W. Martini. (Contrast the small Musian town, near mod.
Selçikli, BAGRW 56-F3.)
A (?).
Auzia (mod. Sour el-Ghozlane; 36 ̊ 09 ’ N, 03 ̊ 41 ’ E): inland city of Mauretania, some
150 km east-south-east from Caesarea; a municipium after ca 200 CE. BAGRW 30-G4; BNP
2 (2003) 421, W. Huß.
G M (?).
Babylo ̄n (near mod. Hilleh; 32 ̊ 28 ’ N, 44 ̊ 25 ’ E): ancient cultural and religious center, on
GAZETTEER