(cf. Alexandria, Cyprus, Kure ̄ne ̄, and Nisibis). Officially Christian by ca 200 CE, and a
center of Syriac culture and Christian study; later a stronghold against the Sasanians;
rebuilt by Justin I (ca 525 CE). PECS 61, J.B. Segal; ODB 676, M.M. Mango; OCD3 505,
E.W. Gray and A.T.L. Kuhrt; BAGRW 67-H2; BNP 4 (2004) 802–803, T. Leisten; EJ2
6.146, I. Gafni and Sh. Gibson. (B is known to have been from the Syrian Edessa,
and the Macedonian city is unlikely to be K’ place of origin: PECS 292 – 293, Ph.M.
Petsas; BAGRW 50-B3; BNP 4 (2004) 802, R.M. Errington and E. Wirbelauer.)
B, K.
Egypt/Aiguptos: the Nile valley and its Delta, explicitly excluding Alexandria “near
Egypt”; unified under the Pharaohs from ca 3200 BCE, capital at Memphis; prosperous
in the 2nd millennium BCE; exerted influence or rule over Cyprus, Palestine, and Nubia
(maximum extent perhaps under Rameses II, 1279– 1213 BCE). Mostly under Libyan,
Nubian, or Assyrian control in the 8th–7th centuries BCE; ruled by Persia 525– 403 BCE and
again 343– 332 BCE. Ruled by the Ptolemies (a Greek dynasty founded by Ptolemy), from 305
to 30 BCE (capital at Alexandria; the last ruler being K VII). Controlled Kure ̄ne ̄
from ca 300 BCE to 96 BCE, Cyprus from 294 BCE to 58 BCE, much of Palestine to 198 BCE
(see Askalon, Damaskos, Gaza, Seleukeia Pieria, Sido ̄n, and Tu ro s), as well as other
sites and regions (e.g., De ̄los, Ephesos, Knidos, Ko ̄s, Lukia, Naxos, Me ̄thumna,
Samos, Side ̄, and Suros). In 168 BCE, intervention by Rome arrested Antiokhos IV’s
invasion near Alexandria. C conquered Alexandria 49 BCE; the whole of Egypt
was under Rome from 30 BCE. OCD3 510 – 511, A.B. Lloyd, 511–512, D.J. Thompson, 512,
D.W. Rathbone; BNP 4 (2004) 844–853, S.J. Seidlmayer and K. Jansen-Winkeln.
Sites: Antinoopolis, Diospolis, He ̄liopolis, He ̄rakleopolis, Kurtos, Memphis,
Mende ̄s, Naukratis, Oasis, Oxyrhynchos, Pano ̄polis, Pe ̄lousion, Philadel-
pheia, Saïs, Sebennutos, The ̄bai.
People: A, A (?), B, C, H, H,
K, K, N (?), N (?), N, N,
P, P, S I. (?), T.
Elaious (east of mod. Tekke Burnu; 40 ̊ 03 ’ N, 26 ̊ 13 ’ E): most probably, the city at
the southern tip of the Thrakian Khersone ̄sos, opposite Sigeion, thus explaining
Menekrate ̄s’ Guide to the Hellespont. Elaious was allied with Athens in the 5th–4th centuries
BCE, and used by Alexander of Macedon as the base for his Asian campaign in 334
BCE. Less likely is coastal Aiolian Elaia (mod. Kazıkbag ̆ları), BAGRW 56-E4, south of
Pergamon. (It is unlikely that Menekrate ̄s is from the Attic deme Elaious, BAGRW 59-B2;
or the Peloponnesian village Elaious, south of Argos, BAGRW 58-D2.) BAGRW 51-G4;
BNP 4 (2004) 883, H. Lohmann.
M.
Elea (mod. Castellamare di Velia; 40 ̊ 10 ’ N, 15 ̊ 09 ’ E): coastal colony of Pho ̄kaia in
Lucania founded ca 540 BCE, from the 3rd c. BCE allied with Rome, and a municipium
from 88 BCE. Remained Greek-speaking under the Roman Empire, but declined in prosper-
ity, because the river silted up. PECS 295 – 296, L. Richardson, Jr.; OCD3 516, H.K. Lomas;
BAGRW 46-B1; NP 12/1.1164–1165, A. Muggia.
P, Z.
Eleusis (mod. Eleusis; 38 ̊ 02 ’ N, 23 ̊ 32 ’ E): coastal town west of Athens, and center of
the cult of Demeter; refortified ca 375 BCE; sacked 170 BCE and by Alaric 395 CE, from
the latter of which, plus Christian depredations, it never recovered. PECS 296 – 298, G.E.
Mylonas; OCD3 520, K. Clinton; BAGRW 59-B2; BNP 4 (2004) 913–917, J. Niehoff.
GAZETTEER