Gade ̄s (mod. Cádiz; 36 ̊ 32 ’ N, 06 ̊ 18 ’ W): originally a small island enlarged by silting and
joined to the mainland by a bridge, on the coast south of Hispalis. Founded by Phoenicians,
ca 800 BCE; allied with Rome in 206 BCE, as a ciuitas libera ac foederata. C granted
inhabitants citizenship and placed the city in the province of Baetica. In the early empire,
second in size only to Rome (S 3.5.3). PECS 341 – 342, J.M. Blázquez; OCD3 618,
S.J. Keay; BAGRW 26-D5; BNP 5 (2004) 635–637, P. Barceló and H.G. Niemeyer.
I C, M.
Gaza (mod. Gaza; 31 ̊ 30 ’ N, 34 ̊ 27 ’ E): regional base for Egyptian operations (cf.
H 2.159); resisted Alexander of Macedon 332 BCE, who enslaved the popula-
tion; Ptolemaic outpost to 198 BCE; devastated by Alexander Yannai of Israel ca 97 BCE.
Rebuilt and prosperous under Rome from 58 BCE, as the Mediterranean entrepôt of
Arabian trade; granted to Herod in 30 BCE (cf. Gadara), upon whose death annexed to the
Roman province of Syria (cf. Syria). Long remained a flourishing center of Greek culture
and paganism, famous for its school for rhetors. PECS 345 – 346, A. Negev; ODB 825,
G. Vikan et al.; OCD3 627, E.W. Gray and J.-F. Salles; BAGRW 70-E2; BNP 5 (2004)
715 – 716, E.A. Knauf and T. Leisten; EJ2 7.398–400, M. Avi-Yonah and Sh. Gibson.
A, T.
Gela (mod. Gela, formerly Terranova; 37 ̊ 04 ’ N, 14 ̊ 15 ’ E): on south coast of Sicily,
founded 688 BCE as colony (displacing native Sikani) from Crete and Rhodes; in turn
founded Akragas ca 582 BCE. Gela’s tyrant Hippokrate ̄s conquered much of Sicily,
including Leontinoi (495 BCE), and Messe ̄ne ̄ (493 BCE); his successor Gelo ̄n took
Surakousai 484 BCE, and made that his capital, depopulating Gela. Repopulated from
466, the city of Aeschylus’ death 456 BCE; allied with Surakousai against Athens
427 – 424 and 415– 413 BCE. PECS 346 – 347, P. Orlandini; OCD3 627, A.G. Woodhead and
R.J.A. Wilson; BAGRW 47-E4; BNP 5 (2004) 721–723, D. Palermo and E. Olshausen.
P.
Gerasa (mod. Jerash, about 50 km north of Amman; 32 ̊ 16 ’ N, 35 ̊ 53 ’ E): ancient city,
east of Neapolis (Samaria), south-east of Gadara; probably refounded as a Greek
city, Antioch on the Khrusorrhoas river, by Antiokhos IV (175– 164 BCE). Captured by
Alexander Yannai of Israel ca 100 BCE, annexed by Rome to the province of Syria in 63
BCE (cf. Syria). On the caravan route, prospered under Trajan who annexed Petra, but
declined in the 3rd c. CE; revived under Justinian. PECS 348 – 349, W.L. MacDonald; OCD3
633, J.F. Healey; BAGRW 69-C5; BNP 5 (2004) 791–792, T. Leisten.
N.
Gortuna (mod. Ag. Deka/Gortuna/Kainourgiou; 35 ̊ 04 ’ N, 24 ̊ 56 ’ E): in central Crete,
occupied from prehistoric times; Greek from the 7th c BCE. By the 3rd c. BCE, grew in
power and territory, acquiring harbors at Matala and Lebena; the foremost city of Crete in
the 2nd c. BCE. Siding with the Romans after Q. Caecilius Metellus captured Kno ̄ssos, it
was made the capital of the Roman province Creta. PECS 362 – 363, K. Branigan; OCD3
643, V. Ehrenberg et al.; BAGRW 60-C2; BNP 5 (2004) 942–944, H. Sonnabend. (Cf. also the
Arkadian Gortuna, BAGRW 58-C2, with a sanctuary of Askle ̄pios: Paus. 8.28.1–3.)
T, Z.
Hadrumetum (mod. Sousse; 35 ̊ 50 ’ N, 10 ̊ 38 ’ E): Phoenician colony founded in the 9th c.
BCE, ca 100 km south of Carthage. Surrendered to Agathokle ̄s of Surakousai 310 BCE,
Hannibal’s base 203– 202 BCE. Allied with Rome 146 BCE; opposed C 46 BCE;
became prosperous under the empire, and made a colonia by Trajan. PECS 372, A. Ennabli;
OCD3 663 – 664, W.N. Weech et al.; BAGRW 33-G1; BNP 5 (2004) 1088–1089, W. Huß.
GAZETTEER