D.
Kusumapura or Pa ̄t
̇
aliputra (mod. Patna; 25 ̊ 36 ’ N, 85 ̊ 08 ’ E): on the south bank of the
Ganges, founded 490 BCE; center of Buddhist study and practice. Named “Palibothra” and
described as of great size by M (although Ranajit Pal, Non-Jonesian Indology and
Alexander [New Delhi 2002] has argued that Palibothra is mod. Kohnouj, south-west of
mod. Jiroft/Sabzvaran, 28 ̊ 40 ’ N, 57 ̊ 44 ’ E). Kusumapura was built up by Ashoka as his
imperial capital 273 BCE; eastern limit of conquests by Menandros king of Taxila (reigned
ca 170 – 130 BCE); visited by Chinese scholars, esp. Fa Hsien, in the 4th–5th centuries CE.
J. Schwartzberg et al., A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 2nd ed. (1992) grid G4 on maps 18–20,
and pp. 170–174, 179, 183.
A ̄
.
Kuthe ̄ra (mod. Kithira; 36 ̊ 10 ’ N, 23 ̊ 00 ’ E): island off Cape Malea, south of Pelopon-
nesos, famous for murex (for purple dye), under Argos, and then seized by Sparta 550
BCE; changing hands several times in the late 5th and early 4th centuries BCE. Prosperous
enough to mint its own coins in the 3rd c. BCE. Part of the non-Spartan Lako ̄nian League
in the 2nd c. BCE; granted by A to Iulius Eurycles of Sparta 21 BCE; held
by the family until returned to Sparta by Hadrian. PECS 473, M.G. Picozzi; OCD3 423,
W.G. Forrest and A.J.S. Spawforth; BAGRW 58 – inset; BNP 4 (2004) 23–25, H.-D. Blume.
P.
Kuthnos (mod. Kuthnos; 37 ̊ 23 ’ N, 24 ̊ 25 ’ E): Aegean island south of Keo ̄s, west of
Suros, inhabited from early times, its constitution praised by A. BAGRW 58-G3;
BNP 4 (2004) 25–26, H. Kaletsch.
K (?).
Kuzikos/Cyzicus (mod. Belkis; 40 ̊ 24 ’ N, 27 ̊ 53 ’ E): city on the isthmus where Arktones-
sos joins the mainland, east of Parion and west of Murleia; provided with good harbors,
and center of trade (its coins being widely standard); earliest Greek colony in the Propontis
(S 14.1.6), founded 756 BCE possibly by Corinth, refounded 675 by Mile ̄tos.
Alternately allied with Athens and Sparta in the 5th c. BCE; under the Persians 387– 334
BCE; under Pergamon in the 2nd c. BCE until 133, when under Rome. Withstood a siege
by M VI 74 BCE. PECS 473 – 474, E. Akurgal; OCD3 423 – 425, T.R.S.
Broughton and St. Mitchell; BAGRW 52-B4; BNP 4 (2004) 26–28, Thos. Drew-Bear.
A, A, A, E, H, K, K
(?), M, N, P, T.
Lako ̄nika: the south-eastern fifth of the Peloponessos, ruled by Sparta. OCD3 810 – 811,
R.W.V. Catling; BNP 7 (2005) 148–150, Y. Lafond.
Sites: Megalopolis, Stumphalos, Sparta.
People: A, D.
Lampsakos (mod. Lapseki; 40 ̊ 21 ’ N, 26 ̊ 41 ’ E): colony of Pho ̄kaia in northern Troas, at
the entrance to the Hellespont from the Propontis, and generally prosperous. Allied with
Athens in the 5th c. BCE, under Sparta 405 – 386 BCE; then again Athenian or Persian by
turns, until conquered by Alexander of Macedon 334 BCE. Changed alliance several times,
then from 281 BCE to the Seleukids, and from 227/226 BCE to Pergamon. Largely autono-
mous from 190– 129 BCE, when came under Rome. PECS 480, T.S. MacKay; OCD3 813,
D.E.W. Wormell and St. Mitchell; BAGRW 51-H4; BNP 7 (2005) 190–191, E. Schwertheim.
I, K, M, P, S, X.
% Laodikeia: many cities were founded in regions controlled by the Seleukids under this
name, including those listed separately below and: (A) Katakekaume ̄ne ̄, between Phrugia
GAZETTEER