Persians to 469 BCE, then allied with Athens; autonomous in the 4th c. BCE; welcomed
Alexander of Macedon, then Ptolemaic in the 3rd c.; under Rhodes from 188 BCE.
Occupied by pirates ca 100 BCE, and destroyed by Seruilius 77 BCE; rebuilt and prosperous
in the 1st–2nd cc. CE. PECS 700 – 701, G.E. Bean; OCD3 1156, Idem and St. Mitchell;
BAGRW 65-E4; BNP 10 (2007) 939–940, A. Thomsen.
K, M.
% Philadelpheia: several homonymous sites could have been Dionusios’ home, if not
one of the two listed separately below: Isaurian/Kilikian (mod. I·ms ̧i Ören; BAGRW 66-C3,
Roman and later); and mod. ‘Amman, Jordan (PECS 703 – 704, J.-P. Rey-Coquais; BAGRW
71-B2, Hellenistic and later). Cf. S B, s.v.
D.
Philadelpheia ( Egypt) (mod. Gerza; 29 ̊ 25 ’ N, 31 ̊ 12 ’ E): in the north-east of the Fayum,
downstream from Oxyrhynchos, upstream from Memphis; founded as military colony
by Ptolemy II Philadelphos ca 270 BCE; existed until the 4th or 5th c. CE. OCD3 1158 (#1),
W.E.H. Cockle; BAGRW 75-E2; BNP 11 (2007) 7–8 (#4), K. Jansen-Winkeln.
M.
Philadelpheia ( Ludia) (mod. Alas ̧ehir; 38 ̊ 21 ’ N, 28 ̊ 31 ’ E): east of Sarde ̄s, founded by
Attalos II Philadelphos ca 150 BCE; destroyed by the earthquake of 17 CE (cf. Kume ̄,
Magnesia on Sipulos, Sarde ̄s), and rebuilt. Called “little Athens” in the 6th c. PECS
703, T.S. MacKay; ODB 1648 – 1649, C.F.W. Foss; OCD3 1158 (#2), G.E. Bean and A.J.S.
Spawforth; BAGRW 56-H5; BNP 11 (2007) 7 (#1), E. Olshausen.
I.
Phleious (mod. Phleious, ca 2 km north of Nemea; 37 ̊ 50 ’ N, 22 ̊ 42 ’ E): in the Asopos valley
(north-eastern Peloponnesos) and south-west of Corinth; ally of Sparta, against the
Persians at Plataia 480 BCE (H 9.28.4); site of a Pythagorean school
(D L 8.46) and the setting of P’s dialogue Phaido ̄n. Under Macedon
in the early 3rd c. BCE; allied with the Akhaian League from 228 BCE. PECS 707 – 708, W.R.
Biers; BAGRW 58-D2; BNP 11 (2007) 134–135, Y. Lafond.
E, T.
Pho ̄kaia (mod. Foça; 38 ̊ 40 ’ N, 26 ̊ 45 ’ E): most northerly Ionian city in Anatolia, coastal site
with poor land, early inhabitants were maritime traders closely connected with Tartessos
(H 1.163). Their colonizing efforts in Spain and France were especially vigorous.
Besieged by Persia in 546 BCE, many inhabitants emigrated, settling at Elea. Allied with
Athens in the 5th c. BCE. PECS 708 – 709, E. Akurgal; OCD3 1172 – 1173, D.E.W. Wormell
and A.J.S. Spawforth; BAGRW 56-D4; BNP 11 (2007) 137–138, Ö. Özyig ̆it.
T.
Pisidia: fertile mountainous land north of Lukia and south-east of Ludia, independent
of Persia and of Greeks until loosely under Pergamon after 188 BCE; likewise loosely
under Rome from 101 BCE, and part of the province of Galatia from 25 BCE. Christianized
early; made into its own province in the early 4th c. CE, with Pisidian Antioch as its capital;
remote and chaotic, often in revolt; suffered from an earthquake in 518 CE (cf. Stoboi), and
the plague of the 540s CE. ODB 1680, C.F.W. Foss; OCD3 1186, St. Mitchell; BNP 11 (2007)
294 – 295, H. Brandt.
Sites: (none).
People: G.
Pitane ̄ (mod. Çandarlı; 38 ̊ 56 ’ N, 26 ̊ 56 ’ E): coastal Aiolian city north of Kume ̄, allied
with Athens in the 5th c. BCE; besieged in vain by Parmenio ̄n 336 BCE; free city within
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