T.
Trebizond ⇒ Trapezous
Troas: mountainous peninsula in north-west Anatolia, on the Hellespont; under Persia
from the end of the 5th c. BCE; taken by Alexander of Macedon; variously ruled until
under Pergamon 227 BCE; under Rome from 133 BCE. OCD3 1555, D.E.W. Wormell and
St. Mitchell; NP 12/1.848–850, E. Schwertheim.
Sites: Alexandria, Assos, Ilion, Lampsakos, Parion, Sarnaka (?), Sigeion.
People: L.
Tuana (mod. Kemer Hisar, five km south of Nig ̆de; 37 ̊ 55 ’ N, 34 ̊ 40 ’ E): ancient Hittite city
of Kappadokia, north of Tarsos and Soloi (Kilikia). Large and prosperous ca 400 BCE
(X, Anab. 1.2.20); allied with Rome from 168 BCE; made a province 17 CE; made
a colonia by Caracalla (ca 215 CE). S 12.2.7; PECS 942, R.P. Harper; BAGRW 66-F1;
NP 12/1.936, K. Strobel.
A, P.
Turos/Tyre (mod. es-Sur; 33 ̊ 16 ’ N, 35 ̊ 13 ’ E): prosperous port in Phoenicia, south of
Sido ̄n; founded the colonies Utica and Carthage. Besieged for seven months by Alexander
of Macedon, and destroyed; under the Ptolemies until 274 BCE, when it became a republic;
taken by the Seleukids 200 BCE; again autonomous from 126 BCE. Taken by Pompey for
Rome 67 BCE, but freed; then under Rome from 20 BCE. Prosperous throughout the
Roman period (esp. through purple dye and glass; a terminus of the silk trade); capital of Syria
Phoenice from 198 CE (cf. Syria); episcopal see by ca 300 CE; monophysite in the 6th c. (synod
of 514). PECS 944, W.L. MacDonald; ODB 2134, M.M. Mango; OCD3 1568, A.H.M. Jones
et al.; BAGRW 69-B3; NP 12/1.951–955, H. Sader; EJ2 20.218–219, E. Ashtor. (Contrast the
Peloponnesian town, BAGRW 8-D3, and the inland town, BAGRW 71-B2.)
A, M, P, P.
Tusculum (mod. Tuscolo; 41 ̊ 48 ’ N, 12 ̊ 42 ’ E): ancient and possibly Etruscan town on the
slopes of Mt. Albanus, ca 25 km south-east of Rome, west of Praeneste, and first municip-
ium created by Rome 381 BCE; by 80 BCE a colonia. PECS 941 – 942, B. Goss; OCD3 1565,
E.T. Salmon and T.W. Potter; BAGRW 43-C2; NP 12/1.931–932, M.M. Morciano and
J.W. Mayer.
P C, V R.
Tyre ⇒ Tu ro s
Utica/Ituke ̄ (mod. Utique; 37 ̊ 03 ’ N, 10 ̊ 02 ’ E): at mouth of the Bagradas river, north-
west of Carthage, occupied from 8th c., and traditionally the earliest Phoenician colony in
Africa. Second only to Carthage, which she opposed in 149, rewarded by Rome with
land and the status of a free city; and in 146, became the capital of Roman province Africa
Noua. PECS 949 – 950, A. Ennabli; OCD3 1575, W.N. Weech et al.; BAGRW 32-F2; NP 12/
1.1067–1068, W. Huß.
D.
Vasates (mod. Bazas; 44 ̊ 26 ’ N, 00 ̊ 13 ’ W): 60 km south-east of Burdigala, and south-
west of Vesunna; from the 3rd c. BCE the capital of the homonymous tribe of Aquitania;
flourished after the provincial reorganization by Diocletian 297 CE. BAGRW 14-E4; NP
12/1.1146–1147, M. Polfer.
GAZETTEER