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ander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.
Ward, Louis E., Early Wellington, Whitcombe & Tombs, 1928.
SOCIETIES, GROUPS, INSTITUTIONS,
AND EXHIBITIONS IN AUSTRIA
Among the most important places and proliferation of
early photography in Austria is Physikinstitut der Wiener
Universität, das Polytechnische Institut in Wien (1815
an engineer created academy, which is called today the
University of Vienna) and the Niederösterreichische
Tradesman’s Union (which was a 1839 union of the in-
dustrial middle class with fi nancial support from Viennese
aristocracy circles, and is known today as the Austrian
Tradesman’s Union). Andreas von Ettingshausen was
chair of physics at the Viennese university since 1834,
and was a reader of the publication of the Daguerreotype
in Paris 1839. Von Ettingshausen and his nephew Wil-
liam Burger gave lectures on photography between 1863
and 1867. From 1896 to 1930 these types of lectures
were given by the photographer Hugo Hinterberger who
specialized in photomicrographs. Johann Joseph Prechtl
(supervisor from 1815, and until 1849 was the director
of the school) and the chemists Anton von Schroetter and
Joseph Johann Pohl were the main fi gures responsible
for supporting photography at the polytechnic institute.
On Prechtls suggestion Anton George Martin (initially
an assistant at physical Institut, starting from 1843 as
the librarian of the polytechnic institute) and the others
began to experiment with photography.
Under Anton of Schroetter general guidance, the
school’s own Chemistry institute developed a laboratory
equal to that of several photographic pioneers, under
the direction of Andreas Groll and Johann Natterer, and
particularly Joseph Johann Pohl, who became coworkers
of Anton George Martin in 1846. He also, in 1858, gave
relevant lectures on photography and micro photography
at the polytechnic institute and became a professor of
chemical technology (1862–1895) and later a teacher
of Josef Maria Eder.
Among other famous photographers was Wilhelm
Horn, who before he opened his studio in Prague in
1841, was the publisher of the fi rst photographic tech-
nical periodical in German-speaking countries (photo-
graphic journal) from 1854 to 1865, and the founder
of the fi rst Central European photography wholesale
business.
Andreas von Ettingshausen, Johann and his brother
Joseph Natterer, and August Artaria were considerable
representatives of the Niederoesterreichi Tradesman’s
Union who represented Simon Ploessl and Wenzel
Prokesch, the art dealer and publisher. The association
secretary, William Horn, who had been in this postion
since 1841, traveled to Paris to establish an exchange
between Austrian and French photographers and was a
general manager of the world exhibition of 1873 in Vi-
enna. From the Niederoesterreichi Tradesman’s Union,
various initiatives proceeded for the establishment of
public technological-historical collections after 1873
in addition to the efforts started in 1908 of the estab-
lishment of the Gründung des Technischen Museums
Wien, which opened in 1918. In its exhibition contents
among other things, valuable photographic historical
pieces from the collection of the poly-technical institute
were displayed.
The earliest association which centered on the ap-
plication of photography in Austria has traditionally
been the Fürstenhofrunde, which existed from 1840 to- At fi rst this organization was more informally a
club of photographic pioneers consisting of Josef Berres,
Anton George Martin, Josef Maximilian Petzval, Joseph
Johann Pohl, Wenzel Prokesch, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich
von Voigtländer, and August Artaria, which met at the
Naturwissenschaftlern, Technikern und Medizinern,
Künstlern und Gewerbetreibenden zusammengesetzter
Klub von Fotopionieren. They also met at the house
of the painter Carl Schuh zu Fachgesprächen or in the
building of the Fürstenhofs in Vienna to discuss common
experiments. The testing of Petval’s revolutionary lens
design of 1840 is probably the group’s most signifi cant
experiment.
An outstanding instance of the early paper photog-
raphy in Austria embodied the photographic studio of
K.K. Hof and the state of printing, which increased in
1841 under the direction of Alois Auer who was the
director until 1866. In the 1850s and 1860s one of the
best innovations created were the print manufacturing
plants of Europe. Many aspects of public research and
development focused on visual presentation because
these plants were able to produce large sized architec-
ture and panorama photographs, expedition reports,
photomicrographs and fi rst photo-mechanical pressures
through unusually systematic and effective production
lines, allowed the variety of reproduction methods and
picture documentation to be widely distributed with
relative ease and conformity.
Legal restrictions concerning copyrights were
introduced to Austria in 1861, which led to the estab-
lishment of a photographic copyright association. The
photographic society in Vienna remains today the oldest
and most long-lived interest agency of photography in
German-speaking countries. This association at fi rst was